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==History==
[[File:Brunswick street fitzroy looking south in 1906.jpg|thumb|Looking south down Brunswick Street in 1906]]
===Pre-settlement history===
The area that is now known as Fitzroy and Collingwood was part of the territory of the country of the [[Woiwurrung]] people of the [[Kulin nation]]. The area that is now known as Fitzroy was the land of the Wurundjeri people.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2002|title=Snapshots of Aboriginal Fitzroy|url=https://aboriginalhistoryofyarra.com.au/SnapshotsofAboriginalFitzroy.pdf|website=Aboriginal History of Yarra}}</ref> Likely sourced from conversations with elder [[William Barak]] between 1897 and 1901, anthropologist [[Alfred William Howitt]] recorded ''Ngár-go'' (meaning "high ground") as the Woiwurrung word for Fitzroy in working notes rediscovered in 2018. However, it is unclear whether this referred to a broader area (possibly a clan boundary) or an individual hill.<ref>{{cite web | title=The forgotten Aboriginal names for 10 of Melbourne's suburbs | website=ABC News| publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=9 July 2018 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-10/the-aboriginal-names-for-ten-melbourne-suburbs/9960092 | access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> The name ''Ngár-go'' has been revived in a 2021 project called Yalinguth (meaning "yesterday").<ref name="Yalinguth">{{cite web | title=Yalinguth | website=Yalinguth | url=https://www.yalinguth.com.au/about | access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>
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Fitzroy was Melbourne's first suburb, created in 1839 when the area between Melbourne and Alexandra Parade (originally named Newtown)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10740750 |title=VICTORIAN HISTORY. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=15 October 1909 |access-date=26 September 2013 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> was subdivided into vacant lots and offered for sale.
Newtown was later renamed [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00375b.htm | title = Collingwood | access-date = 25 September 2013 | last = Barnard | first = Jill | date = 25 February 2010 | work = e-Melbourne | publisher = School of Historical Studies Department of History, The University of Melbourne}}</ref> and the area now called Fitzroy (west of Smith Street) was made a ward of the [[City of Melbourne|Melbourne City Council]]. On 9 September 1858, Fitzroy became a municipality in its own right, separate from the City of Melbourne.<ref name="event58">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65667797 |title=FIRST HALF-YEARLY REPORT OF THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF FITZROY, FROM 30TH SEPTEMBER, 1858, TO 31ST MARCH, 1859. |newspaper=Fitzroy City Press|location=Victoria |date=20 July 1900 |access-date=25 September 2013 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> In accordance with the Municipal Act, on 28 September 1858, a meeting of ratepayers was held in 'Mr Templeton's schoolroom, George street' to prepare for a local council election, with [[Thomas Embling|Dr Thomas Embling]], [[Victorian Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for Collingwood, presiding.<ref name="event58"/> The council election took place two days later and the first councilors were; Thomas Rae, George Symons, Edward Langton, Henry Groom, Benjamin Bell, Edwin Bennett and Thomas Hargreave. The first council meeting, held after the declaration of election, was at the Exchange Hotel, George Street, and Symons was unanimously elected chair.<ref name="event58"/><ref>{{cite
Surrounded as it was by a large number of factories and industrial sites in the adjoining suburbs, Fitzroy was ideally suited to working men's housing, and from the 1860s to the 1880s, Fitzroy's working class population rose dramatically. The area's former mansions became boarding houses and slums, and the heightened poverty of the area prompted the establishment of several charitable, religious and philanthropic organisations in the area over the next few decades. A notable local entrepreneur was [[Macpherson Robertson]], whose confectionery factories engulfed several blocks and stand as heritage landmarks today.{{
The [[Fitzroy Gasworks]] was erected on Reilly Street (now Alexandra Parade) in 1861, dominating the suburb, with the Gasometer Hotel located opposite.<ref name=Circle>R Proudley. ''[[Circle of Influence: A History of the Gas Industry in Victoria]]'', Hargreen/Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria, Melbourne, 1987. p. 40-49.</ref>
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The population of Fitzroy in 1901 was 31,610.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Fitzroy |volume=10 |page=448}}</ref>
Before [[World War I]], Fitzroy was a working-class neighbourhood, with a concentration of political radicals already living there. Post-war immigration into the suburb resulted in the area becoming socially diverse. Many working-class [[Chinese Australians|Chinese immigrants]] settled in Fitzroy due to its proximity to [[Chinatown, Melbourne|Chinatown]]. The establishment of the [[Housing Commission of Victoria]] in 1938 saw swathes of new residences being constructed in Melbourne's outer suburbs. With many of Fitzroy's residents moving to the new accommodation, their places were taken by post-war immigrants, mostly from Italy and Greece and the influx of Italian and Irish immigrants saw a marked shift towards [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] from Fitzroy's traditional [[Methodism|Methodist]] and [[Presbyterianism|
From the 1960s through to the 1980s, the area became a meeting place for [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal people]] who had left [[mission station|missions]], [[Aboriginal reserve]]s, and other government institutions and drifted to the city in a bid to trace their families. The [[Builders Arms Hotel]] was the only pub which allowed Aboriginal people to drink there. The Aboriginal Health Service opened on [[Gertrude Street]] in 1973 and provided a service largely provided by volunteers,<ref name=dunstan2022>{{cite web | last=Dunstan | first=Joseph | title=Melbourne's Fitzroy hides a past as a hub for the Aboriginal civil rights movement | website=ABC News| publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=31 July 2022 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-31/melbourne-gertrude-street-fitzroy-aboriginal-indigenous-history/101273562 | access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> operating as a [[de facto]] community centre there until 1992. A nearby street behind a factory was a meeting and drinking place, known to the community as Charcoal Lane.<ref name=charclane>{{cite web | last=Schaik | first=Johan van | title=Charcoal Lane | website=ArchitectureAU | date=1 March 2010 | url=https://architectureau.com/articles/charcoal-lane/ | access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> [[Archie Roach]] tells of his time in Fitzroy hanging out and getting drunk, and of reconnecting with his siblings there, in his autobiography, ''Tell Me Why: The Story of My Life and My Music''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Roach | first=A. | title=Tell Me Why: The Story of My Life and My Music | publisher=Simon & Schuster Australia | date= November 2019 | isbn=978-1-76085-016-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjHCxQEACAAJ | access-date=1 August 2022 | page=}}</ref> His song "[[Charcoal Lane]]" mentions [[Gertrude Street]], [[Brunswick Street, Melbourne|Brunswick Street]], and other locations in Fitzroy and his time wandering the streets there. [[Vika and Linda Bull]] started their careers by singing in various venues around Fitzroy in the 1980s, including the Black Cat Cafe and the Purple Pit.<ref name=vika>{{cite web | title=Vika and Linda on the magic of Fitzroy and Archie Roach | website=[[Double J (radio station)|Double J]] | date=13 November 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/doublej/music-reads/features/vika-and-linda-bull-fitzroy-archie-roach-charcoal-lane-ausmusic/12845072 | access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/my-secret-melbourne--vika-bull-20131031-2wjlj.html | title = My secret Melbourne ... Vika Bull | newspaper = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | last = O'Brien | first = Mary | date = 2 November 2013 | access-date = 1 August 2022 }}</ref> The area is highly significant in the history of the [[Indigenous land rights in Australia|Australian Aboriginal rights movement]].<ref name="Yalinguth"/>
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The Fitzroy Magistrates' Court closed on 1 February 1985.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.audit.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/19860901-Special-Report-4-Court-Closures-in-Victoria.pdf | title=Special Report No. 4 – Court Closures in Victoria | publisher=Auditor-General of Victoria | date=1986 |pages=79 | access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
Like other inner-city suburbs of Melbourne, Fitzroy underwent a process of [[gentrification]] from the 1980s onwards. The area's manufacturing and warehouse sites were converted into apartments, and the corresponding rising rents in Fitzroy saw many of the area's residents move to [[Northcote, Victoria|Northcote]] and [[Brunswick, Victoria|Brunswick]].{{
In June 1994, the City of Yarra was created by combining the Cities of Fitzroy, [[City of Collingwood|Collingwood]] and [[City of Richmond|Richmond]].{{
▲In June 1994, the City of Yarra was created by combining the Cities of Fitzroy, [[City of Collingwood|Collingwood]] and [[City of Richmond|Richmond]].{{cn|date=August 2022}}
===21st century===
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[[File:Fitzroy Cricket Ground Grandstand.jpg|thumb|Heritage-listed grandstand at [[Brunswick Street Oval]], used primarily for [[cricket]] and [[Australian rules football]]]]
Formed in 1883, the [[Fitzroy Football Club]], an [[Australian rules football]] club, went on to play in the [[Victorian Football League (1897–1989)|Victorian Football League]] (now known as the [[Australian Football League]]).<ref>The Argus, 28 September 1883</ref> From 1884 until 1966, [[Brunswick Street Oval]] was its primary home ground, even after the club stopped playing games at the venue, the Brunswick Street Oval still remained the primary training and administrative base of the Fitzroy Football Club in the VFL until 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/brunswick-street-oval|title=Brunswick Street Oval|access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/25/what-becomes-of-the-broken-hearted-the-footy-stalwarts-who-kept-fitzroy-alive|title=What becomes of the broken hearted: the footy stalwarts who kept Fitzroy alive|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=24 August 2016|access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afl.com.au/news/46466/the-moment-that-began-fitzroys-long-slow-death|title=The moment that began Fitzroy's long, slow death|date=24 June 2016|access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref>
The club had some early success before relocating its home games several times and finally running into financial difficulties in the 1980s, forcing it to merge its AFL operations with the [[Brisbane Bears]] at the end of 1996, to form the [[Brisbane Lions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/fitzroy-disappeared-from-the-afl-in-1996-but-it-left-behind-a-rich-history-as-a-vfl-founder/news-story/c369e1b023499495cae96853cac7f567|title=Fitzroy disappeared from the AFL in 1996, but it left behind a rich history as a VFL founder|date=27 February 2019|access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lions.com.au/news/973233/the-merge-what-happened-next|title=The Merger: Where Are They Now?|date=5 July 2021|access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lions.com.au/news/1012034/25-years-on-the-day-that-changed-everything|title=The Day That Changed Everything|date=1 September 2021|access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref>
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Fitzroy's major road arterials are Brunswick Street (north-south) and Johnston Street (east-west). Other main roads include Victoria Parade, Nicholson Street, Smith Street and Alexandra Parade, which circumnavigate the suburb. It is characterised by a fairly tightly spaced rectangular grid of medium-sized streets, with many of its narrow streets and back lanes facilitating only one-way traffic. Traffic and parking congestion is a problem<ref>Millar, Royce [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/03/09/1047144868351.html "There goes the neighbourhood?"] The Age 10 March 2003</ref> and Fitzroy and local councils have implemented strategies to keep this traffic off residential side streets. It has been the site of several controversial inner city freeway proposals, particularly in the 1950s, however none of which have proceeded.
There are no railway stations located in Fitzroy itself, with the nearest stations being {{stnlnk|Rushall}} in Fitzroy North, and {{stnlnk|Collingwood}} and {{stnlnk|Parliament}} Stations. There was a short-lived railway station named [[
Three tram lines pass through Fitzroy or its boundaries:
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The 1977 cult classic novel ''[[Monkey Grip (novel)|Monkey Grip]]'' by [[Helen Garner]] took place mostly in Fitzroy and Carlton. Many of the central characters frequent the Fitzroy local swimming pool in the summer, referred to as the "Fitzroy baths", and the heritage-listed "Aqua Profonda" sign at the deep end of the pool is the title of the novel's first chapter, used as a metaphor for the central character's deeply troubled romantic relationship with a man. The inclusion of the sign and the pool itself gave it some degree of iconic status–its use in the novel was even mentioned in the statement of significance for the sign's heritage listing in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title="Aqua Profonda" sign, Fitzroy Pool|work=Victorian Heritage Database|access-date=11 December 2017|url=http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/4742}}</ref>
The 2010 Australian television show ''[[Offspring (TV series)|Offspring]]'' was set almost entirely in Fitzroy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/entertainment/a/-/entertainment/7730782/offspring-in-the-air-/|title=au.news.yahoo.com|website=Au.news.yahoo.com|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718133920/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/entertainment/a/-/entertainment/7730782/offspring-in-the-air-/|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The main characters of the show were often seen at the Black Cat, a Brunswick Street bar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ten.com.au/offspring-offspring-photos-episode-2.htm|title=tenplay|first=Network|last=Ten|website=TenPlay – tenplay|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> Fitzroy has also featured in episodes of a number of Australian TV shows, including ''[[City Homicide]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savanahdesign.com.au/blog/?p=669|title=Murder at Savanah Design – Design in the mind|website=Savanahdesign.com.au|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> and ''[[Rush (series 3)|Rush]]'' (notably in Season 3, where the team shot at Fitzroy Town Hall to commemorate the death of a former colleague).{{
The movie series and television series, [[Jack Irish]], is filmed in Fitzroy. Based on the [[Peter Temple]] novels, it features many Fitzroy cultural icons.{{
Australian and American musicians have made mention of Fitzroy in their lyrics, including:<!---it would be useful to date the others and order chron.-->
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*American rapper [[Tyler, The Creator]], in his song "Slater", which mentions skating to Fitzroy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Tyler-the-creator-slater-lyrics/|title=Tyler, The Creator (Ft. Frank Ocean) – Slater|website=Genius.com|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref>
*[[Dan Sultan]]'s song "Old Fitzroy", the black and white video for which is shot entirely in Fitzroy, featuring shots of and from Atherton Gardens, as well as shots of a number of Fitzroy pubs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64uRvg86uXU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/64uRvg86uXU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Dan Sultan – Old Fitzroy|last=Metropolitan Groove Merchants|date=30 August 2010|access-date=26 August 2018|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*[[The Distillers]]' song "Young Crazed Peeling", in which [[Brody Dalle]] sings about growing up in Fitzroy{{
*[[Birds of Tokyo]], in their song "Good Lord" reference drinking in Fitzroy pubs.{{
*[[Gretta Ray]], has a song titled "When We're In Fitzroy" from her 2018 EP [[Here and Now (EP)|Here And Now]].
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** [[Ray Harvey]] (1926–) – first-class cricketer.
** [[Mick Harvey (umpire)|Mick Harvey]] (1921–2016) – first-class cricketer and Test umpire.
* Alfred H. Horsfall (1871–1944) – military surgeon<ref>{{
* [[Donald Alaster Macdonald]] (1859–1932) – journalist, nature writer and sports commentator.
* [[Bertram Mackennal]] (1863–1931) – sculptor
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* [[Anne Phelan]] (1948–2019) – actress
* [[Ethel Florence Lindesay Richardson]] (1870–1946) – author
* [[Archie Roach]] (1956–2022) – musician
* [[Ben Simmons]] (1996–) – [[National Basketball Association]] player
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