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'''Aboriginal Australians''' are the various [[Indigenous peoples]] of the [[Mainland Australia|Australian mainland]] and many of its islands, but excluding the ethnically distinct people of the [[Torres Strait Islands]]. The term "[[Indigenous Australians]]" is applied to Aboriginal Australians and [[Torres Strait Islander]]s collectively.
People first migrated to [[Australia (continent)|Australia]] at least 65,000 years ago and formed as many as 500 [[List of Aboriginal Australian group names|language-based groups]].<ref name=socio-cultural>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Traditional sociocultural patterns |encyclopedia=Britannica |year=2023 |last1= Berndt|first1=Ronald M. |last2=Tonkinson |first2=Robert |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |location=Chicago |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Australian-Aboriginal/Traditional-sociocultural-patterns |access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> They have a broadly shared, complex genetic history, but only in the last 200 years were they defined as, and started to self-identify as, a single group. [[Australian Aboriginal identity|Aboriginal identity]] has changed over time and place, with family lineage, self-identification and community acceptance all of varying importance.
Aboriginal Australians have a wide variety of cultural practices and beliefs that make up the oldest continuous cultures in the world.<ref name="auto"/><ref name=":2"/> At the time of European colonisation of Australia, they consisted of complex cultural societies with more than 250 [[Australian Aboriginal languages|languages]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey | year = 2014 | publisher = [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|AIATSIS]] | url = http://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/community-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages | access-date = 18 May 2015 | ref = {{harvid|AIATSIS|2014}} | archive-date = 24 April 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150424032821/http://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/community-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages | url-status = dead }}</ref> and varying degrees of technology and settlements.{{vague|date=July 2023}} Languages (or dialects) and language-associated groups of people are connected with stretches of territory known as "Country", with which they have a profound spiritual connection. Over the aeons, Aboriginal people developed complex trade networks, inter-cultural relationships, law and religions.<ref name=socio-cultural/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Australian Aboriginal peoples |encyclopedia=Britannica |year=2023 |last1= Berndt|first1=Ronald M. |last2=Tonkinson |first2=Robert |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |location=Chicago |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Australian-Aboriginal |access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref>
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