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{{Nadir of American race relations}}
The '''Jim Crow laws''' were [[U.S. state|state]] and local laws introduced in the [[Southern United States]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]], "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an [[African American]].<ref name="fremon">{{cite book |last1=Fremon |first1=David |title=The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History |date=2000 |publisher=Enslow |isbn=0766012972 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jimcrowlawsracis00frem }}</ref> Such laws remained in force [[Voting Rights Act of 1965|until 1965]].<ref name="Schmermund2016">{{cite book|first=Elizabeth |last=Schmermund|title=Reading and Interpreting the Works of Harper Lee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgpiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|year=2016|publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC|isbn=978-0-7660-7914-4|pages=27–}}</ref> Formal and informal segregation policies were present in other areas of the United States as well, even if several states outside the South had banned discrimination in public accommodations and voting.<ref>Bubar, Joe (March 9, 2020). [https://upfront.scholastic.com/issues/2019-20/030920/the-jim-crow-north.html#1300L "The Jim Crow North"], ''Upfront Magazine - Scholastic''. Retrieved June 7, 2021.</ref><ref>''Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Accommodations Laws'', 7 N.Y.U. Rev.L. & Soc.Change 215, 238 (1978).</ref> Southern laws were enacted by white-dominated state legislatures (see "[[Redeemers]]"
In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former [[Confederate States of America]] and in some others, beginning in the 1870s. Jim Crow laws were upheld in 1896 in the case of ''[[Plessy vs. Ferguson]]'', in which the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] laid out its "[[separate but equal]]" legal doctrine concerning facilities for African Americans. Moreover, [[State school|public education]] had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] in 1861–1865. Companion laws excluded almost all African Americans from the vote in the South and deprived them of any representation government.
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