Jim Crow laws: Difference between revisions

The '''Jim Crow laws''' were [[U.S. state|state]] and local laws introduced in the [[Southern United States]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]], "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an [[African American]].<ref name="fremon">{{cite book |last1=Fremon |first1=David |title=The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History |date=2000 |publisher=Enslow |isbn=0766012972 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jimcrowlawsracis00frem }}</ref> Such laws remained in force [[Voting Rights Act of 1965|until 1965]].<ref name="Schmermund2016">{{cite book|first=Elizabeth |last=Schmermund|title=Reading and Interpreting the Works of Harper Lee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgpiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|year=2016|publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC|isbn=978-0-7660-7914-4|pages=27–}}</ref> Formal and informal segregation policies were present in other areas of the United States as well, even if several states outside the South had banned discrimination in public accommodations and voting.<ref>Bubar, Joe (March 9, 2020). [https://upfront.scholastic.com/issues/2019-20/030920/the-jim-crow-north.html#1300L "The Jim Crow North"], ''Upfront Magazine - Scholastic''. Retrieved June 7, 2021.</ref><ref>''Discrimination in Access to Public Places: A Survey of State and Federal Accommodations Laws'', 7 N.Y.U. Rev.L. & Soc.Change 215, 238 (1978).</ref> Southern laws were enacted by white-dominated state legislatures (see "[[Redeemers]]"-dominated state legislatures) to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by African Americans during the [[Reconstruction era]].<ref name="Bartlett2008">{{cite book|first=Bruce |last=Bartlett|title=Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party's Buried Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POhHuoGILNYC&pg=PA24|year=2008|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-230-61138-2|pages=24–}}</ref> Such continuing racial segregation was also supported by the successful [[Lily-White Movement]] of Southern Republicans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heersink |first1=Boris |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jeffery A. |date=April 2020 |title=Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/whiteness-and-the-emergence-of-the-republican-party-in-the-early-twentiethcentury-south/899B4B98A78353683C3C6050DFA5771B |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X19000208 |s2cid=213551748 |issn=0898-588X}}</ref>