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According to [[Murray Rothbard]], the libertarian creed emerged from the liberal challenges to an "absolute central State and a king ruling by divine right on top of an older, restrictive web of feudal land monopolies and urban guild controls and restrictions" as well as the [[mercantilism]] of a bureaucratic warfaring state allied with privileged merchants. The object of liberals was individual liberty in the economy, in personal freedoms and civil liberty, separation of state and religion and peace as an alternative to imperial aggrandizement. He cites Locke's contemporaries, the Levellers, who held similar views. Also influential were the English ''[[Cato's Letters]]'' during the early 1700s, reprinted eagerly by [[Colonial history of the United States|American colonists]] who already were free of European aristocracy and feudal land monopolies.<ref name=Rothbard1/>
In January 1776, only two years after coming to America from England, Thomas Paine published his pamphlet ''[[Common Sense (pamphlet)|Common Sense]]'' calling for independence for the colonies.<ref name=Sprading>Sprading, Charles T. (1913) [1995]. ''Liberty and the Great Libertarians''. [[Mises Institute]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=STQJ_DjQuw8C&dq=Thomas+Paine+libertarian&pg=PA74 p. 74] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805003223/https://books.google.com/books?id=STQJ_DjQuw8C&pg=PA74&dq=Thomas+Paine+libertarian&sa=X#v=onepage&q=Thomas%20Paine%20libertarian |date=5 August 2020 }}. {{ISBN|978-1610161077}}.</ref> Paine promoted liberal ideas in clear and concise language that allowed the general public to understand the debates among the political elites.<ref>Hoffman, David C. (Fall 2006). "Paine and Prejudice: Rhetorical Leadership through Perceptual Framing in Common Sense". ''Rhetoric and Public Affairs''. '''9''' (3): 373–410.</ref> ''Common Sense'' was immensely popular in disseminating these ideas,<ref>Maier, Pauline (1997). ''American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence''. New York City: Knopf. pp. 90–91.</ref> selling hundreds of thousands of copies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |title=Thomas Paine's Rights of Man |year=2006 |isbn=0802143830 |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |page=37}}</ref> Paine would later write the ''[[Rights of Man]]'' and ''[[The Age of Reason]]'' and participate in the [[French Revolution]].<ref name=Sprading/> Paine's theory of property showed a "libertarian concern" with the redistribution of resources.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lamb |first=Robert |year=2010 |title=Liberty, Equality, and the Boundaries of Ownership: Thomas Paine's Theory of Property Rights |journal=Review of Politics |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=483–511 |doi=10.1017/s0034670510000331 |hdl=10871/9896 |s2cid=55413082
In 1793, [[William Godwin]] wrote a libertarian philosophical treatise titled ''[[Enquiry Concerning Political Justice|Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Morals and Happiness]]'' which criticized ideas of human rights and of society by contract based on vague promises. He took liberalism to its logical anarchic conclusion by rejecting all political institutions, law, government and apparatus of coercion as well as all political protest and insurrection. Instead of institutionalized justice, Godwin proposed that people influence one another to moral goodness through informal reasoned persuasion, including in the associations they joined as this would facilitate happiness.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ousby |first=Ian |date=1993 |title=The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oeZ226OlfbkC&dq=Political+Ideology+Today+william+godwin+libertarian&pg=PA305 |page=305 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323172830/https://books.google.com/books?id=oeZ226OlfbkC&pg=PA305&dq=Political+Ideology+Today+william+godwin+libertarian&sa=X#v=onepage&q=Political%20Ideology%20Today%20william%20godwin%20libertarian |archive-date=23 March 2022 |isbn=978-0521440868}}</ref>
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