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== Status ==
[[File:Ghg-emissionsgrafik-trend-1990-2019-nach-ksg-einteilung.png|400px|right]]
The key policy document outlining the ''Energiewende'' was published by the German government in September 2010, some six months before the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Fukushima nuclear accident]].<ref name="bmwi-and-bmu-2010"/> Legislative support was passed in September 2010. On 6 June 2011, following Fukushima, the government removed the use of nuclear power as a bridging technology as part of their policy.<ref name="bmu-2011">{{cite book | title = The Federal Government's energy concept of 2010 and the transformation of the energy system of 2011 | publisher = Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU) | place = Bonn, Germany | date = October 2011 | url = http://www.germany.info/contentblob/3043402/Daten/3903429/BMUBMWi_Energy_Concept_DD.pdf | access-date = 2016-06-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161006040646/http://www.germany.info/contentblob/3043402/Daten/3903429/BMUBMWi_Energy_Concept_DD.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2016 }}</ref> The program was later described as "Germany's vendetta against nuclear" and attributed to the growing influence of ideologically anti-nuclear green movements in mainstream politics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Tale of Two Decarbonizations|url=https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/energy/tale-of-two-decarbs|access-date=2020-07-21|website=The Breakthrough Institute|language=en}}</ref> In 2014, then-[[Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action|Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy]] [[Sigmar Gabriel]] lobbied Swedish company [[Vattenfall]] to continue investments in brown coal mines in Germany, explaining that "we cannot simultaneously quit nuclear energy and coal-based power generation".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-13|title=Letter from Sigmar Gabriel to Stefan Loevfen|url=https://www.altinget.se/misc/SigmarGabriel.pdf}}</ref> A similar statement by Gabriel was recalled by [[James Hansen]] in his 2009 book "[[Storms of My Grandchildren|Storms of my grandchildren]]" — Gabriel argued that "coal use was essential because Germany was going to phase out nuclear power. Period. It was a political decision, and it was non-negotiable".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hansen|first=James|title=Storms of my grandchildren|year=2009|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1608195022}}</ref>
In 2011, the Ethical Committee on Secure Energy Supply was tasked with assessing the feasibility of the nuclear phase-out and transition to renewable energy, and it concluded:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-30|title=Deutschlands Energiewende – Ein Gemeinschaftswerk für die Zukunft|url=https://www.nachhaltigkeitsrat.de/wp-content/uploads/migration/documents/2011-05-30-abschlussbericht-ethikkommission_property_publicationFile.pdf |website=
{{Blockquote|text=The Ethics Committee is firmly convinced that the phase-out of nuclear energy can be completed within a decade using the energy transition measures presented here.|title=Deutschlands Energiewende. Ein Gemeinschaftswerk für die Zukunft|source=Ethik‐Kommission Sichere Energieversorgung}}
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| pages = 555–580
| doi = 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.087
| bibcode = 2016ApEn..171..555L
| url = https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:wup4-opus-62770
}}
</ref> Set in 2050, several scenarios use [[gas turbine#Industrial gas turbines for power generation|gas power plants]] to stabilise the backbone of energy system, ensuring supply security during several weeks of low wind and solar radiation. Other scenarios investigate a 100% renewable system and show these to be possible but more costly. Flexible consumption and storage control ([[energy demand management|demand-side management]]) in households and the industrial sector is the most cost-efficient means of balancing short-term power fluctuations. Long-term storage systems, based on [[power-to-X]], are only viable if carbon emissions are to be reduced by more than 80%. On the question of costs, the study notes:
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