Libertarianism: Difference between revisions

In the mid-20th century, American [[right-libertarian]]{{refn|<ref name="Goodway"/><ref name="Newman"/><ref name="Marshall p. 565"/><ref name="Carlson"/>}} proponents of [[anarcho-capitalism]] and [[Night watchman state|minarchism]] co-opted<ref name="RothbardBetrayal"/> the term ''libertarian'' to advocate ''[[laissez-faire]]'' [[capitalism]] and strong [[private property rights]] such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hussain|first=Syed B.|title=Encyclopedia of Capitalism, Volume 2|year=2004|publisher=Facts on File Inc|location=New York|isbn=0816052247|page=492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbVZAAAAYAAJ|quote=In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that capitalism is an excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians.|access-date=31 October 2015|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930075322/https://books.google.com/books?id=FbVZAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter is the dominant form of [[libertarianism in the United States]].<ref name="Carlson"/> This new form of libertarianism was a revival of [[classical liberalism in the United States]],<ref name="Adams 2001">{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32 |title=Political Ideology Today |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780719060205 |edition=reprinted, revised |location=Manchester}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2022}} which occurred due to [[Modern liberalism in the United States|American liberals']] embracing [[Progressivism in the United States|progressivism]] and [[economic interventionism]] in the early 20th century after the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] and with the [[New Deal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fee.org/articles/who-is-a-libertarian/|title=Who is a libertarian?|last=Russell|first=Dean|year=1955|website=[[Foundation for Economic Education]]|quote=Many of us call ourselves 'liberals.' And it is true that the word 'liberal' once described persons who respected the individual and feared the use of mass compulsions. But the leftists have now corrupted that once-proud term to identify themselves and their program of more government ownership of property and more controls over persons. As a result, those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals, we mean liberals in the uncorrupted classical sense. At best, this is awkward and subject to misunderstanding. Here is a suggestion: Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word 'libertarian'.}}</ref> Since the 1970s, right-libertarianism has spread beyond the United States,<ref name="Teles & Kenney 2007">Teles, Steven; Kenney, Daniel A. "Spreading the Word: The Diffusion of American Conservatism in Europe and Beyond". In Kopsten, Jeffrey; Steinmo, Sven, eds. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfy3k0BWBNAC ''Growing Apart?: America and Europe in the Twenty-First Century'']. [[Cambridge University Press]]. pp. 136–169.</ref> with [[List of libertarian political parties|right-libertarian parties]] being established in the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singleton |first=Alex |date=30 May 2008 |title=How Libertarians undermine liberty |work=Daily Telegraph |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/4341751/How_Libertarians_undermine_liberty/ |url-status=dead |access-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625210549/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/4341751/How_Libertarians_undermine_liberty/ |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref> [[Israel]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff writer |author-link=Staff writer |date=24 March 2019 |title=Feiglin: Palestinians in Gaza had more rights under Israel |work=[[Israel Hayom]] |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2019/03/24/today-on-the-israelections-program-moshe-feiglin/ |access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harkov |first=Lahav |date=17 March 2019 |title=The Feiglin phenomenon |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/The-Feiglin-phenomenon-583567 |access-date=17 March 2019 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |quote=The leader of the rising Zehut Party is attracting more than just young potheads to his libertarian platform.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zehut |url=https://en.idi.org.il/israeli-elections-and-parties/parties/zehut/ |access-date=21 February 2019 |website=[[Israel Democracy Institute]] |quote=[...] and personal liberty. Its platform includes libertarian economic positions [...].}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Eglash |first=Ruth |date=4 April 2019 |title=A pro-pot party could tip the scales in Israel's upcoming election |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/a-pro-pot-party-could-tip-the-scales-in-israels-upcoming-election/2019/04/04/01060ec4-5617-11e9-aa83-504f086bf5d6_story.html |access-date=7 April 2019 |quote=Now you have two special-interest groups. What pulls them together is the strong libertarian, anti-state agenda that works well for both.}}</ref> [[South Africa]]<ref>Staden, Martin (2 December 2015). [http://rationalstandard.com/remembering-the-founder-of-sa-libertarianism-dr-marc-swanepoel "Remembering the Founder of SA Libertarianism, Dr. Marc Swanepoel"]. ''Rational Standard''. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</ref> and [[Argentina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2021/10/07/javier-milei-a-libertarian-may-be-elected-to-argentinas-congress|title=Javier Milei, a libertarian, may be elected to Argentina's congress|publisher=[[The Economist]]|date=7 October 2021|access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref> Minarchists advocate for [[night-watchman state]]s which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights, understood in terms of self-ownership or autonomy,<ref name=":3" /> while anarcho-capitalists advocate for the replacement of all state institutions with private institutions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Geloso |first1=Vincent |last2=Leeson |first2=Peter T. |date=2020 |title=Are Anarcho-Capitalists Insane? Medieval Icelandic Conflict Institutions in Comparative Perspective |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-politique-2020-6-page-957.htm |journal=Revue d'économie politique |language=en |volume=130 |issue=6 |pages=957–974 |doi=10.3917/redp.306.0115 |issn=0373-2630 |quote=Anarcho-capitalism is a variety of libertarianism according to which all government institutions can and should be replaced by private ones. |s2cid=235008718|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some right-wing variants of libertarianism, such as anarcho-capitalism, has been labeled as [[Far-right politics|''far-right'']] or [[Radical right (United States)|''radical right'']] by some scholars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodwin |first=Barbara |title=Using Political Ideas |publisher=John Wiley and Sons, Inc. |year=2016 |isbn=978-1118708385 |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=151 |quote=Howewer, enough has been said to show that most anarchists have nothing in common with those libertarians of the far-right, the anarcho-capitalists [...]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Liberalism: Old and New |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0521703055 |editor-last=Paul |editor-first=Ellen F. |volume=24 |page=199 |editor-last2=Miller |editor-first2=Fred D. |editor-last3=Paul |editor-first3=Jeffrey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Political Philosophy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0195376692 |editor-last=Estlund |editor-first=David |page=162}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hammer |first=Espen |title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2013 |isbn=978-1506332611 |editor-last=Kaldis |editor-first=Byron |volume=1 |pages=558–560 |chapter=Libertarianism, Political}}</ref> Right-wing libertarian ideals are also prominent in far-right [[American militia movement]] associated with extremist anti-government ideas.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0191667824 |editor-last=della Porta |editor-first=Donatella |page=527 |quote=[...] these militia organizations often revived long-since discarded state militia insignia and organization names while simultaneously aligning them with contemporary far-right libertarian politics (Crothers 2004). |editor-last2=Diani |editor-first2=Mario}}</ref>

 

 

== Overview ==