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| type = city
| name = Adelaide
| native_name = {{nativename|zku|Tarndanya}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/do-you-know-what-aboriginal-land-youre-on-today/ytff85vi1 |title=Do you know what Aboriginal land you're on today? |website=SBS |access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref>
| state = sa
| image = {{multiple image
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}}
'''Adelaide''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|d|ᵻ|l|eɪ|d|audio=En-au-Adelaide.oga}} {{respell|AD|il|ayd}},<ref>{{cite book |title=Macquarie ABC Dictionary |publisher=The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd |year=2003 |page=10 |isbn=1-876429-37-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA-endia|ˈædɜlæɪ̯d|locally}}; {{lang-zku|Tarntanya}}, {{IPA|zku|ˈd̪̥aɳɖaɲa|pron}}) is the [[list of Australian capital cities|capital city]] of [[South Australia]],<ref name="Vignesh Rajadesingu Arunachalam 2021 pp. 69–90">{{cite book | last1=Vignesh | first1=K.S. | last2=Rajadesingu | first2=Suriyaprakash | last3=Arunachalam | first3=Kantha Deivi | title=Concepts of Advanced Zero Waste Tools | chapter=Challenges, issues, and problems with zero-waste tools | publisher=Elsevier | year=2021 | doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-822183-9.00004-0 | pages=69–90 | isbn=9780128221839 | s2cid=230570450 | quote=Adelaide is the capital city of South Australia and includes 19 municipal areas.}}</ref> the state's largest city and the [[list of cities in Australia by population|fifth-most populous city in Australia]]. "Adelaide" may refer to either '''Greater Adelaide''' (including the [[Adelaide Hills]]) or the [[Adelaide city centre]]. The [[demonym]] ''Adelaidean'' is used to denote the city and the residents of Adelaide. The [[Native title in Australia#Traditional owner|Traditional Owners]] of the Adelaide region are the [[Kaurna]].<ref>[http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/Determination_details.aspx?NNTT_Fileno=SCD2018/001 SCD2018/001 - Kaurna Peoples Native Title Claim] [[National Native Title Tribunal]]. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/about-adelaide/kaurna-heritage/ Kaurna Heritage] [[City of Adelaide]]. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.experienceadelaide.com.au/visit/things-to-do/aboriginal-culture/|title=Aboriginal Culture|website=Experience Adelaide|access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> The area of the city centre and surrounding [[Adelaide Park Lands|Park Lands]] is called ''{{lang|zku|Tarndanya|italic=yes}}'' in the [[Kaurna language]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaurna Place Names |url=http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4625 |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=kaurnaplacenames.com}}</ref>
Adelaide is situated on the [[Adelaide Plains]] north of the [[Fleurieu Peninsula]], between the [[Gulf St Vincent]] in the west and the [[Mount Lofty Ranges]] in the east. Its metropolitan area extends {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the coast to the [[Adelaide Hills|foothills]] of the Mount Lofty Ranges, and stretches {{convert|96|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Gawler]] in the north to [[Sellicks Beach]] in the south.
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== History ==
{{Main|History of Adelaide}}
=== Before European settlement ===
[[File:Kaurnaland.png|thumb|upright|alt= Area to the east of Gulf St Vincent highlighted|The approximate extent of Kaurna territory, based on the description by Amery (2000).]]
The area around modern-day Adelaide was originally inhabited by the Indigenous [[Kaurna]] people, one of many [[Aboriginal Australian|Aboriginal]] nations in South Australia. The city and [[Adelaide park lands|parklands]] area was known as Tarntanya,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/subjects/kaurna-people|title=Kaurna people|website=Adelaidia|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908065802/http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/subjects/kaurna-people|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Tandanya, now the short name of [[Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute]], Tarndanya,<ref>{{cite web | title=Reconciliation | website=Adelaide City Council | url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/areas/map_tarndanyangga.html | access-date=5 July 2021 | archive-date=12 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712144205/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/areas/map_tarndanyangga.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> or [[Tarndanyangga]], now the dual name for Victoria Square, in the [[Kaurna language]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4697 |title=Kaurna Name: Tarndanyangga |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312102340/http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4697 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The name means 'male red kangaroo rock', referring to a rock formation on the site that has now been destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do you know what Aboriginal land you're on today? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/do-you-know-what-aboriginal-land-youre-on-today/ytff85vi1 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=NITV |language=en}}</ref>
The surrounding area was an open grassy plain with patches of trees and shrubs which had been managed by hundreds of generations. Kaurna country encompassed the plains which stretched north and south of Tarntanya as well as the wooded foothills of the [[Mount Lofty Ranges|Mt Lofty Ranges]]. The River Torrens was known as the Karrawirra Pari (Red Gum forest river). About 300 Kaurna populated the Adelaide area, and were referred to by the settlers as the Cowandilla.<ref name="KaurnaSA">{{cite web|url=https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au:443/subjects/kaurna-people?hh=1&|website=SA History Hub|title=Kaurna People|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428075730/http://sahistoryhub.com.au/subjects/kaurna-people|archive-date=28 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
There were more than 20 local clans across the plain who lived semi-nomadic lives, with extensive [[Mound|mound settlements]] where huts were built repeatedly over centuries and a complex social structure including a class of sorcerers separated from regular society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Owen |first1=Timothy |last2=Pate |first2=Donald |date=2014-12-01 |title=A Kaurna burial, Salisbury, South Australia: Further evidence for complex late Holocene Aboriginal social systems in the Adelaide region |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03122417.2014.11682018 |journal=Australian Archaeology |language=en |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.1080/03122417.2014.11682018 |s2cid=148063575 |issn=0312-2417}}</ref>
Within a few decades of European settlement of South Australia, Kaurna culture was almost completely destroyed. The last speaker of [[Kaurna language]] died in 1929.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.sa.gov.au/history/adelaide_history/adelaide_brief_history.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515205647/http://www.history.sa.gov.au/history/adelaide_history/adelaide_brief_history.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Adelaide: A Brief History (SA Govt)|archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both,<ref name=Amery>{{cite book |title=Warrabarna Kaurna! – Reclaiming an Australian Language |last=Amery |first=Rob |year=2000 |publisher=Swets & Zeitlinger |location=The Netherlands |isbn=90-265-1633-9}}</ref> which has included a commitment by local and state governments to rename or include Kaurna names for many local places.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adelaideparklands.com.au/parks-and-squares/victoria-square-tarntanyangga|title=Victoria Square/Tarntanyangga|website=City of Adelaide|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427083524/https://adelaideparklands.com.au/parks-and-squares/victoria-square-tarntanyangga|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/|website=Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi|title=Adelaide City Council Placenaming Initiatives|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427083521/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== 19th century ===
[[File:Beechey, William - Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen - NPG 1533.jpg|upright|thumb|alt= Painting of person|Queen Adelaide, after whom the city was named.]]
[[File:Adelaide supplement to the Illustrated Sydney News.png|thumb|right|alt= Refer to caption|In July 1876, the ''Illustrated Sydney News'' published a special supplement that included an early aerial view of the City of Adelaide: (South) Adelaide (the CBD), River Torrens, and portion of North Adelaide from a point above Strangways Terrace, [[North Adelaide]]]]
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