Content deleted Content added
Artoria2e5 (talk | contribs) →Origins: We should really list the archaeological evidence then discuss the theory scenarios, so the whole thing reads tighter. Archaeological evidence tend to get mentioned multiple times, with interpretation in support of different theories. |
Artoria2e5 (talk | contribs) →Origins: Let's peel the Sanga out. |
||
Line 44:
===Origin of the African taurine===
{{cleanup section|reason=We should really list the archaeological evidence then discuss the theory scenarios, so the whole thing reads tighter. Archaeological evidence tend to get mentioned multiple times, with interpretation in support of different theories.|date=January 2024}}
=== Archaeological evidence ===
Morphological features of early African cattle, such as lyre-shaped horns, are depicted on murals of Ancient Egypt.{{cn|date=January 2024}}<!-- was originally tagged before Strydom, but is not in Strydom -->
====Near-eastern introduction theory====
Thus African cattle descend firstly from an [[aurochs]] domesticated in the [[Near East]]. After their introduction to Egypt, about eight thousand years ago, they spread all over the [[Sahara]] which was [[African humid period|then still green]], up to West Africa. The north African pastoralists interbred their domestic cattle with wild African Aurochs of various regional races, both in the paternal and maternal lines over a long time, which is reflected in the genetic distinctness of African cattle from both European / near Eastern and from Indian Zebu cattle.<ref name=pmid30622640>{{cite journal |last1=Pitt |first1=Daniel |last2=Sevane |first2=Natalia |last3=Nicolazzi |first3=Ezequiel L. |last4=MacHugh |first4=David E. |last5=Park |first5=Stephen D. E. |last6=Colli |first6=Licia |last7=Martinez |first7=Rodrigo |last8=Bruford |first8=Michael W. |last9=Orozco‐terWengel |first9=Pablo |title=Domestication of cattle: Two or three events? |journal=Evolutionary Applications |date=January 2019 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–136 |doi=10.1111/eva.12674 |pmid=30622640 |pmc=6304694 }}</ref> Hereby special adaptations to the African climate and conditions were introduced, that characterise African cattle
Rather than the domesticating of cattle happening in the region of the [[Acacus Mountains|Tadrart Acacus]], it is considered more likely that domesticated cattle were introduced to the region.<ref name="Garcea">{{cite book |last1=Garcea |first1=Elena A.A. |title=Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara |date=July 2019 |page=232-235 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334706511 |publisher=All’Insegna del Giglio |chapter=Cultural adaptations at Uan Tabu from the Upper Pleistocene to the Late Holocene |s2cid=133766878 |isbn=9788878141841 |oclc=48360794}}</ref> Cattle are thought to not have entered Africa independently, but rather, are thought to have been brought into Africa by cattle pastoralists.<ref name="Hanott">{{cite book |last1=Hanott |first1=Olivier |title=The story of cattle in Africa: Why diversity matters |date=December 2019 |pages=6, 8 |chapter-url=https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/108945/cattle_books.pdf |publisher=African Union InterAfrican Bureau for Animal Resources |chapter=Why cattle matter: An enduring and essential bond |s2cid=226832881}}</ref> By the end of the 8th millennium [[Before Present|BP]], domesticated cattle are thought to have been brought into the Central Sahara.<ref name="Di Lernia">{{cite journal |last1=Di Lernia |first1=Savino |title=Thoughts on the rock art of the Tadrart Acacus Mts., SW Libya |date=2012 |pages=34–35 |url=https://www.rockartscandinavia.com/images/articles/a12savino.pdf |journal=Adoranten |s2cid=211732682}}</ref> The Central Sahara (e.g., Tin Hanakaten, Tin Torha, Uan Muhuggiag, Uan Tabu) was a major intermediary area for the distribution of domesticated animals from the Eastern Sahara to the Western Sahara.<ref name="Barich">{{cite book |last1=Barich |first1=Barbara |title=The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Figurines |date=December 2018 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329571626 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=108–110 |chapter=The Sahara |isbn=9780199675616 |oclc=944462988}}</ref>
Line 56 ⟶ 59:
====Independent domestication theory====
These cattle originated in [[East Africa]], probably the western shores of Lake Victoria, and have spread down the river Nile (i.e. northwards), with depictions on Ancient Egyptian murals. Sanga are an intermediate type, probably formed by hybridizing the indigenous humpless cattle with [[Zebu]] cattle.<ref name='(9290530995)'>{{cite journal|title= A review of reproductive performance of female Bos Indicus (Zebu) cattle|journal=International Livestock Research Institute|date=1989|first=E.|last=Mukasa-Mugerwa|url=http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5442e/x5442e03.htm|access-date=2010-03-02 }}</ref> However, archaeological evidence{{which|date=January 2024}} indicates this cattle type was domesticated independently in Africa, and bloodlines of taurine and zebu cattle were introduced only within the last few hundred years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grigson |first1=Caroline |title=An African origin for African cattle? — some archaeological evidence |journal=The African Archaeological Review |date=1991 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=119–144 |doi=10.1007/BF01117218 |s2cid=162307756 }}</ref>
The time and location for when and where cattle were domesticated in Africa remains to be resolved.<ref name="Soukopova" />
Osypińska (2021) indicates that an "archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on the [[Africa]]n continent. A large skull fragment and a nearly complete horn core of an [[aurochs]], a wild ancestor of [[domestic cattle]], were discovered at sites dating back 50,000 years and associated with the [[Middle Stone Age|MSA]]. These are the oldest remains of the auroch in Sudan, and they also mark the southernmost range of this species in the world.<ref name="Osypiński II">{{cite book |last1=Osypińska |first1=Marta |last2=Osypiński |first2=Piotr |title=From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan |date=2021 |publisher=Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw |isbn=9788395336256 |oclc=1374884636 |pages=460 |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/21580/Katalog%20wystawy%20From%20Faras%20to%20Soba%20-%20ONLINE%20o2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Based on the [[cattle]] ([[Bos]]) remains found at [[Affad]] and Letti, Osypiński (2022) indicates that it is "justified to raise again the issue of the origin of cattle in [[Northeast Africa]]. The idea of domestic cattle in Africa coming from the Fertile Crescent exclusively is now seen as having serious shortcomings."<ref name="Osypiński">{{cite journal |last1=Osypiński |first1=Piotr |title=Unearthing a Middle Nile crossroads – exploring the prehistory of the Letti Basin (Sudan) |journal=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean |date=December 30, 2022 |volume=31 |page=55-56 |doi=10.31338/uw.2083-537X.pam31.13 |doi-broken-date=21 September 2023 |url=https://pam-journal.pl/api/files/view/2174767.pdf |issn=1234-5415}}</ref><!-- Looks like a husband-and-wife pair; at least colleagues at the same lab. Any other people in support of this theory? -->
Indian humped cattle (''Bos indicus'') and North African/Middle Eastern taurine cattle (''Bos taurus'') are commonly assumed to have admixed with one another, resulting in Sanga cattle as their offspring.<ref name="Grigson">{{cite journal |last1=Grigson |first1=Caroline |title=An African origin for African cattle? — some archaeological evidence |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01117218 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |date=December 1991 |volume=9 |pages=119, 139 |doi=10.1007/BF01117218 |s2cid=162307756 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=5547025047}}</ref> Rather than accept the common assumption, admixture with taurine and humped cattle is viewed as having likely occurred within the last few hundred years, and Sanga cattle are viewed as having originated from among African cattle within Africa.<ref name="Grigson" /> Regarding possible origin scenarios for Sub-Saharan African Sanga cattle, domesticated taurine cattle were introduced into North Africa, admixed with undomesticated African cattle (Bos primigenius opisthonomous), resulting in offspring (the oldest being the Egyptian/Sudanese longhorn, some to all of which are viewed as Sanga cattle), or more likely, domesticated African cattle originated in Africa (including Egyptian longhorn), and became regionally diversified (e.g., taurine cattle in North Africa, zebu cattle in East Africa).<ref name="Grigson" />▼
The managing of [[Barbary sheep]] may be viewed as parallel evidence for the domestication of amid the early period of the Holocene.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=Fiona |last2=Weissbrod |first2=Lior |title=Domestication Processes and Morphological Change Through the Lens of the Donkey and African Pastoralism |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/658389 |journal=Current Anthropology |date=October 2011 |volume=52 |issue=S4 |pages=S397–S413 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press Journals|doi=10.1086/658389 |s2cid=85956858 }}</ref> Near [[Nabta Playa]], in the [[Western Desert (Egypt)|Western Desert]], between 11th millennium cal BP and 10th millennium cal BP, semi-sedentary African hunter-gatherers may have independently [[domesticated]] African cattle as a form of reliable food source and as a short-term adaptation to the dry period of the Green Sahara, which resulted in a limited availability of edible flora.<ref name="Marshall" /> African [[Bos primigenius]] fossils, which have been dated between 11th millennium cal BP and 10th millennium cal BP, have been found at Bir Kiseiba and Nabta Playa.<ref name="Marshall" />
Line 71 ⟶ 72:
=== Origin of indicine contribution ===
▲Indian humped cattle (''Bos indicus'') and North African/Middle Eastern taurine cattle (''Bos taurus'') are commonly assumed to have admixed with one another, resulting in Sanga cattle as their offspring.<ref name="Grigson">{{cite journal |last1=Grigson |first1=Caroline |title=An African origin for African cattle? — some archaeological evidence |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01117218 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |date=December 1991 |volume=9 |pages=119, 139 |doi=10.1007/BF01117218 |s2cid=162307756 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=5547025047}}</ref> Rather than accept the common assumption, admixture with taurine and humped cattle is viewed as having likely occurred within the last few hundred years, and Sanga cattle are viewed as having originated from among African cattle within Africa.<ref name="Grigson" /> Regarding possible origin scenarios for Sub-Saharan African Sanga cattle, domesticated taurine cattle were introduced into North Africa, admixed with undomesticated African cattle (Bos primigenius opisthonomous), resulting in offspring (the oldest being the Egyptian/Sudanese longhorn, some to all of which are viewed as Sanga cattle), or more likely, domesticated African cattle originated in Africa (including Egyptian longhorn), and became regionally diversified (e.g., taurine cattle in North Africa, zebu cattle in East Africa).<ref name="Grigson" />
Some authors<!-- Payne, 1964; Schoeman, 1989 cited by Strydom -- very uncomfortably old. --> date the first Sanga cattle, which originated through by crossing in of Zebu bulls in northeast and east Africa, from 1600 [[Before Common Era|BCE]] onward.<ref name="Strydom et al 2001"/>
==List of breeds==
| |||