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'''Theodor Herzl'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɜːr|t|s|əl|,_|ˈ|h|ɛər|t|s|əl}} {{respell|HURT|səl|,_|HAIRT|səl}},<ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|Herzl|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈhɛʁtsl̩|lang}}; {{lang-hu|Herzl Tivadar}}; {{lang-he|תֵּאוֹדוֹר הֶרְצְל|Te'odor Hertzel}}; Hebrew name given at his [[brit milah]]: '''Binyamin Ze'ev'''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Esor Ben-Sorek|title=The Tragic Herzl Family History|publisher=[[Times of Israel]]|date=18 October 2015|quote=At his brit mila he was given the Hebrew name Binyamin Zeev|url=http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-tragic-herzl-family-history/}}</ref>}} (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904)<ref name="Cohen" /> was an [[Austro-Hungarian]] Jewish journalist and political activist who was the father of [[Types of Zionism|modern political Zionism]]. Herzl formed the [[World Zionist Organization|Zionist Organization]] and promoted [[Aliyah|Jewish immigration]] to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] in an effort to form a Jewish state.
Herzl was born in [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]], to a prosperous [[Neolog Judaism|Neolog Jewish]] family. After a brief legal career in [[Vienna]], he became the Paris correspondent for the Viennese newspaper ''[[Neue Freie Presse]]''. Confronted with [[antisemitic]] events in Vienna, he reached the conclusion that anti-Jewish sentiment would make [[Jewish assimilation]] impossible, and that the only solution for Jews was the establishment of a [[Jewish state]]. In 1896, Herzl published the pamphlet {{Lang|de|[[Der Judenstaat]]}}, in which he elaborated his visions of a Jewish homeland. His ideas attracted international attention and rapidly established Herzl as a major figure in the Jewish world.
In 1897, Herzl convened the [[First Zionist Congress]] in [[Basel]], Switzerland, and was elected president of the Zionist Organization. He began a series of diplomatic initiatives to build support for a Jewish state, appealing unsuccessfully to German emperor [[Wilhelm II]] and Ottoman sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]]. At the [[Sixth Zionist Congress]] in 1903, Herzl presented the [[Uganda Scheme]], endorsed by [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]] [[Joseph Chamberlain]] on behalf of the British government. The proposal, which sought to create a temporary refuge for the Jews in [[East Africa Protectorate|British East Africa]] following the [[Kishinev pogrom]], was met with strong opposition and ultimately rejected. Herzl died of a heart ailment in 1904 at the age of 44, and was buried in Vienna. In 1949, his remains were brought to [[Israel]] and reinterred on [[Mount Herzl]].
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