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[[File:Aircraft Carrier Liaoning CV-16.jpg|thumb|Chinese aircraft carrier ''Liaoning'']]
The [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] (PLAN) is subject to a variety of assessments regarding its capabilities. Writing for the [[United States Naval Institute|US Naval Institute]] in 2012, Dr James Mulvenon believed that "the Chinese navy is still primarily a brown and green-water navy", highlighting problems with replenishment and logistics as key shortcomings in PLAN ambitions of becoming a blue-water capable fleet.<ref>{{cite book|title=China's Energy Strategy: The Impact on Beijing's Maritime Policies|date=2012|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=United States|isbn=9781612511511|edition=2012|pages=1–9 (Part 1) }}<!--|access-date=3 December 2015--></ref> This line of thinking has also been held by a number of academics throughout the years, including Dr Peter Howarth,<ref name="Howarth2006">{{cite book|last1=Howarth|first1=Peter|title=China's Rising Sea Power: The PLA Navy's Submarine Challenge|date=18 April 2006|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9781134203956|pages=179}}<!--|access-date=3 December 2015--></ref> Professor Timo Kivimäki,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kivimäki|first1=Timo|title=War Or Peace in the South China Sea?|date=2002|publisher=NIAS Press|location=Denmark|isbn=9788791114014|pages=65–66|edition=Issue 45}}<!--|access-date=3 December 2015--></ref> Dr Denny Roy,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Denny|title=China's Foreign Relations|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=United States|isbn=9780847690138|pages=112–113}}<!--|access-date=3 December 2015--></ref> and Professor Bart Dessein.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dessein|first1=Bart|title=Interpreting China as a Regional and Global Power: Nationalism and Historical Consciousness in World Politics|date=26 Nov 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781137450302|page=175}}<!--|access-date=3 December 2015--></ref>
China's ambition towards blue-water capability received much attention, particularly from the [[United States Congress]]<ref name="China">Ronald O'Rourke, "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress", December 10, 2012, page 7</ref> and [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]],<ref name="US DOD Report">{{cite journal|title=Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2013|journal=Dod: Annual Report to Congress|date=2013|pages=38–39|url=http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_China_Report_FINAL.pdf|access-date=2014-11-10|archive-date=2015-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113120816/http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2013_china_report_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> with both acknowledging that China's primary aim was to project power in the [[Island chain strategy|First and Second island chains]].<ref name="US DOD Report"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Rourke |first1= Ronald|title=China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress|journal=Congressional Research Service|date=22 January 2020|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33153.pdf}}</ref> In a 2013 report to Congress, defense experts also asserted that over the coming decades, China would gain the capability to project power across the globe – similar to Britain's 1982 [[Falklands War]].<ref name="US DOD Report"/> In addition, there were those who thought China already had a blue-water navy, such as British naval historian and professor Geoffrey Till,<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Till|first1=Geoffrey|title=Naval Modernisation in South-East Asia: Nature, Causes and Consequences|date=15 August 2013|publisher=Routledge|location=London |isbn=978-1135953942|page=267}}<!--|access-date=16 March 2015--></ref> and also, Professor David Shambaugh who believed that the PLAN had transitioned from a green-water navy to that of a "limited" blue-water navy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shambaugh|first1=David|title=China Goes Global: The Partial Power|date=18 January 2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|location= United Kingdom|isbn=9780199323692|pages=289–290}}<!--|access-date=3 December 2015--></ref> According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the PLAN was a rank four "regional power projection navy".<ref name="Lindberg-classification"/><ref name=Kirchberger/>
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