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== Etymology ==
[[File:Biogas Photovoltaik Wind.jpg|thumb|The main renewable energy sources in Germany: [[Biomass (energy)|biomass]], [[wind energy]], and [[photovoltaics]]]]{{More citations needed section|date=August 2020}}The term ''Energiewende'' is regularly used in [[English language]] publications without being translated (a [[loanword]]).<ref name="jungjohann-and-morris-2014">{{cite book|last1=Jungjohann|first1=Arne|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/German_Coal_Conundrum.pdf|title=The German coal conundrum|last2=Morris|first2=Craig|date=June 2014|publisher=Heinrich Böll Stiftung|location=Washington, DC, USA|quote=The term ''Energiewende'' – the country's transition away from nuclear power to renewables with lower energy consumption – is now commonly used in English.|access-date=7 October 2016|archive-date=2016-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010055240/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/German_Coal_Conundrum.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The term ''Energiewende'' was first contained in the title of a 1980 publication by the German [[Öko-Institut]], calling for the complete abandonment of nuclear and petroleum energy.<ref name="krause-etal-1980">{{cite book
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| url = http://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/gesetzeskarte,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=en,rwb=true.pdf
| access-date = 29 April 2016
| archive-date = 2016-10-06
}}</ref>▼
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161006040914/http://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/gesetzeskarte,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=en,rwb=true.pdf
| url-status = dead
▲ }}</ref>
These targets went well beyond [[European Union]] legislation and the national policies of other European states. The policy objectives have been embraced by the German federal government and has resulted in a huge expansion of renewables, particularly wind power. Germany's share of renewables has increased from around 5% in 1999 to 22.9% in 2012, surpassing the [[OECD]] average of 18% usage of renewables.<ref name="economist-2012">
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</ref>
The 2016 [[German Climate Action Plan 2050|Climate Action Plan]] for Germany, adopted on 14{{nbsp}}November 2016, introduced sector targets for [[greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions]].<ref name="bmub-2016a">{{cite book
| title = Klimaschutzplan 2050: Kabinettbeschluss vom 14. November 2016
| trans-title = Climate protection plan 2050: Cabinet decision of 14 November 2016
| language = de
| date = 14 November 2016
| publisher = Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB)
| location = Berlin, Germany
| url = http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Klimaschutz/klimaschutzplan_2050_bf.pdf
| access-date = 17 November 2016
| archive-date = 2017-09-19
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170919021410/http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Klimaschutz/klimaschutzplan_2050_bf.pdf
</ref><ref name="bmub-2016b">▼
| url-status = dead
▲ }}</ref><ref name="bmub-2016b">{{cite book
| title = Climate Action Plan 2050: Principles and goals of the German government's climate policy
| date = 14 November 2016
| publisher = Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB)
| location = Berlin, Germany
| url = http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Klimaschutz/klimaschutzplan_2050_kurzf_en_bf.pdf
| access-date = 17 November 2016
| archive-date = 2017-12-15
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171215072622/http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Klimaschutz/klimaschutzplan_2050_kurzf_en_bf.pdf
</ref> The goal for the energy sector is shown in the [[#table-climate-action-plan-targets|table]]. The plan states that the energy supply must be "almost completely decarbonised" by 2050, with renewables as its main source. For the electricity sector, "in the long-term, electricity generation must be based almost entirely on renewable energies" and "the share of wind and solar power in total electricity production will rise significantly". Notwithstanding, during the transition, "less carbon-intensive natural gas power plants and the existing most modern coal power plants play an important role as interim technologies".<ref name="amelang-etal-2016">▼
| url-status = dead
▲ }} This document is not an extract translated from the official plan.</ref> The goal for the energy sector is shown in the [[#table-climate-action-plan-targets|table]]. The plan states that the energy supply must be "almost completely decarbonised" by 2050, with renewables as its main source. For the electricity sector, "in the long-term, electricity generation must be based almost entirely on renewable energies" and "the share of wind and solar power in total electricity production will rise significantly". Notwithstanding, during the transition, "less carbon-intensive natural gas power plants and the existing most modern coal power plants play an important role as interim technologies".<ref name="amelang-etal-2016">
{{cite web
| first1 = Sören | last1 = Amelang
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The [[Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project]] (DDPP) aims to demonstrate how countries can transform their energy systems by 2050 in order to achieve a [[low-carbon economy]].
The 2015 German country report, produced in association with the [[Wuppertal Institute]], examines the official target of reducing domestic GHG emissions by 80% to 95% by 2050 (compared with 1990).<ref name="hillebrandt-2015">{{cite book
| editor-last = Hillebrandt
| display-editors = etal
| title = Pathways to deep decarbonization in Germany
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| url = http://deepdecarbonization.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/DDPP_DEU.pdf
| access-date = 28 April 2016
| archive-date = 2016-09-09
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160909131930/http://deepdecarbonization.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/DDPP_DEU.pdf
</ref> Decarbonization pathways for Germany are illustrated by means of three ambitious scenarios with energy-related emission reductions between 1990 and 2050 varying between 80% and more than 90%. Three strategies strongly contribute to GHG emission reduction:▼
| url-status = dead
▲ }}</ref> Decarbonization pathways for Germany are illustrated by means of three ambitious scenarios with energy-related emission reductions between 1990 and 2050 varying between 80% and more than 90%. Three strategies strongly contribute to GHG emission reduction:
* energy efficiency improvements (in all sectors but especially in buildings)
* increased use of domestic renewables (with a focus on electricity generation)
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=== 2016 acatech study ===
A 2016 [[acatech]]-lead study focused on so-called flexibility technologies used to balance the fluctuations inherent in power generation from wind and photovoltaics.<ref name="acatech-2016">{{cite book
| editor1 = acatech
| editor2 = Lepoldina
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| url = http://www.acatech.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Baumstruktur_nach_Website/Acatech/root/de/Publikationen/Kooperationspublikationen/ESYS_Position_Paper_Flexibility_concepts.pdf
| access-date = 10 June 2016
| archive-date = 2016-10-06
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161006041130/http://www.acatech.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Baumstruktur_nach_Website/Acatech/root/de/Publikationen/Kooperationspublikationen/ESYS_Position_Paper_Flexibility_concepts.pdf
</ref><ref name="lunz-etal-2016">▼
| url-status = dead
▲ }}</ref><ref name="lunz-etal-2016">
{{cite journal
| last1 = Lunz | first1 = Benedikt
| |||