Morisco: Difference between revisions

There is no universally agreed figure offor the Morisco population.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=10}} Estimates vary because of the lack of a precise census. In addition, the Moriscos avoided registration and the authorities inand ordertried to appear as members of the majority Spanish population.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=10}} Furthermore, the populations would have fluctuated, due to such factors as birth rates, conquests, conversions, relocations, and emigration.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=11}}

===In the Kingdom of Granada===

The [[Emirate of Granada]] was the last Muslim Kingdomkingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, which surrendered in 1492 to the Catholic forces after a [[Granada War|decade-long campaign]]. Granada was annexed to Castile as the Kingdom of Granada, and had a majority Muslim population of between 250,000 and 300,000.{{sfn|Carr|2009|p=40}} Initially, the [[Treaty of Granada]] guaranteed their rights to be Muslim but [[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros|Cardinal Cisneros]]'s effort to convert the population led to a [[Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499-1501)|series of rebellions]].{{sfn|Carr|2009|p=59}} The rebellions were suppressed, and afterwards the Muslims in Granada were given the choice to remain and accept baptism, reject baptism and be enslaved or killed, or to bego into exiledexile.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=48}} The option of exile was often not feasible in practice, and hindered by the authorities.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=48}} Shortly after the rebellions' defeat, the entire Muslim population of Granada had nominally become Christian.{{sfn|Carr|2009|p=74}}

Although they converted to Christianity, they maintained their existing customs, including their language, distinct names, food, dress and even some ceremonies.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|pp=53–55}} Many secretly practiced Islam, even as they publicly professed and practiced Christianity.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=49}} This led the Catholic rulers to adopt increasingly intolerant and harsh policies to eradicate these characteristicspractices.{{sfn|Carr|2009|p=74}} This culminated in [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]'s ''Pragmatica'' of 1 January 1567, which ordered the Moriscos to abandon their customs, clothing and language. The ''pragmaticaPragmatica'' triggered the [[Morisco rebellions in Granada#Second rebellion.2C 1568-71 .28War of the Alpujarras.29|Morisco revolts]] in 1568–71.{{sfn|Lea|1901|p=227}} The Spanish authorities quashed this rebellion, and at the end of the fighting, the authorities decided to expel the Moriscos from Granada and scatter them to the other parts of Castile.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=234}} Between 80,000 and 90,000 Granadans were marched to cities and towns across Castile.{{sfn|Lapeyre|2011|p=14}}{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=234}}{{sfn|Vincent|2014|p=20}}

===In the Kingdom of Valencia===

In the 1520s, the [[Revolt of the Brotherhoods]] broke out among the Christian subjects of Valencia.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=92}} The rebellion bore an [[Persecution of Islam|anti-IslamIslamic]] sentiment, and the rebels forced Valencian Muslims to become Christians in the territories they controlled.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=93}} The Muslims joined the Crown in suppressing the rebellion, playing crucial roles in several battles.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=93}} After the rebellion was suppressed, King [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] started an investigation to determine the validity of the conversions forced by the rebels.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=94}} He ultimately upheld those conversions, therefore putting the force-converted subjects under the authority of the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]], and issued declarations to the effect of forcing the conversion of the rest of the Muslims.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=94}}

===In Aragon and Catalonia===

Moriscos accounted for 20% of the population of Aragon, residing principally on the banks of the [[Ebro]] river and its tributaries. Unlike GranadaGranadan and ValenciaValencian Moriscos, they did not speak Arabic but, as vassals of the nobility, were granted the privilege to practice their faith relatively openly.

In [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]], Moriscos represented less than 2% of the population<ref>{{harvnb|Lapeyre|2011|p=108}}</ref> and were concentrated in the Low Ebro region, as well as in the city of [[Lérida|Lleida]] and the towns of [[Aitona]] and [[Seròs]], in the Low Segre region.<ref>{{harvnb|Lapeyre|2011|p=107}}</ref> They largely spoke Arabic no longer spoke Arabic, but [[Catalan language|Catalan]],{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=80}} and to a lesser extent also [[Spanish language|Castilian]]-[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] in [[Lérida|Lleida]].<ref>Pablo Roza Candás, "Rasgos aragoneses orientales en un manuscrito aljamiado-morisco." ''Alazet: Revista de filología.'' {{ISSN|0214-7602}}. Nº 23, 2011, págs. 83–98. [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4853778]</ref>

===In Castile, Extremadura and the rest of Andalusia===

The Crown of Castile included, besides the Kingdom of Granada, also [[Extremadura][ and the rest of modern-day [[Andalusia]] (the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Seville|Seville]], [[Kingdom of Córdoba|Córdoba]] and [[Kingdom of Jaén|Jaén]]). The proportion of its Morisco population in most of this territory was more dispersed except in specific locations such as [[Villarrubia de los Ojos]], [[Hornachos]], [[Arévalo]] or the ''Señorío de las Cinco Villas'' (in the southwestern part of the [[province of Albacete]]), where they were the majority or even the totality of the population. Castile's Moriscos were highly integrated and practically indistinguishable from the Catholic population: they did not speak Arabic and a large number of them were genuine Christians.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} The mass arrival of the much more visible Morisco population deported from Granada to the lands under the Kingdom of Castile led to a radical change in the situation of Castilian Moriscos, despite their efforts to distinguish themselves from the Granadans. For example, marriages between Castilian Moriscos and "old" Christians were much more common than between Castilian and Granadan Moriscos. The town of Hornachos was an exception, not only because practically all of its inhabitants were Moriscos but because of their open practice of the Islamic faith and of their famed independent and indomitable nature. For this reason, the order of expulsion in Castile specifically targeted specifically the "''Hornacheros''", the first Castilian Moriscos to be expelled. The HornacherosThey were exceptionally allowed to leave fully armed and were marched as an undefeated army to Seville from where they wereand transported to Morocco. They maintained their combative nature overseas, founding the Corsary [[Republic of Bou Regreg]] and [[Republic of Salé|Salé]] in modern-day Morocco.

===In the Canary Islands===

The situation of the Moriscos in the [[Canary Islands]] was different from on continental Europe. They were not the descendants of Iberian Muslims but were Muslim [[Moors]] taken from Northern Africa in Christian raids (''[[cabalgadas]]'') or prisoners taken during the attacks of the [[Barbary Piratespirates]] against the islands. In the Canary Islands, they were held as slaves or freed, gradually converting to Christianity, with some serving as guides in raids against their former homelands. When the king forbade further raids, the Moriscos lost contact with Islam. Theyand became a substantial part of the population of the islands, reaching one-half of the inhabitants of [[Lanzarote]]. Protesting their Christianity, they managed to avoid the expulsion that affected European Moriscos. Still subjected to the ethnic discrimination of the ''[[pureza de sangre]]'', they could not migrate to the Americas or join many organizations. Later petitions allowed for their emancipation with the rest of the Canarian population.<ref>Raphael Carrasco, "Morisques et Inquisition dans les Iles Canaries." (Moriscos and the Inquisition in the Canary Islands), ''Revue de l'histoire des religions'' 202.4: 379–387. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23670614 online]</ref>