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Glyptodonts were historically considered to constitute the distinct family '''Glyptodontidae''', with their relationships to modern armadillos being contested. In 2016, an analysis of the [[mitochondrial genome]] of ''[[Doedicurus]]'' found that it was, in fact, nested within the modern armadillos as the [[sister group]] of a [[clade]] consisting of [[Chlamyphorinae]] (fairy armadillos) and [[Tolypeutinae]] (giant, three-banded and naked-tailed armadillos). For this reason, glyptodonts and all armadillos but ''[[Dasypus]]'' (long-nosed or naked-tailed armadillos) were relocated to a new family, [[Chlamyphoridae]], and glyptodonts were demoted to the subfamily '''Glyptodontinae'''.<ref name="Delsuc2016" /><ref name=":1" /> Other authors have continued to use Glyptodontidae.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Carlini |first1=Alfredo A. |last2=Carrillo-Briceño |first2=Jorge D. |last3=Jaimes |first3=Arturo |last4=Aguilera |first4=Orangel |last5=Zurita |first5=Alfredo E. |last6=Iriarte |first6=José |last7=Sánchez-Villagra |first7=Marcelo R. |date=December 2022 |title=Damaged glyptodontid skulls from Late Pleistocene sites of northwestern Venezuela: evidence of hunting by humans? |journal=Swiss Journal of Palaeontology |language=en |volume=141 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13358-022-00253-3 |issn=1664-2376 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Based on the morphology of the inner ear, a close relationship with [[pampatheres]] has also been proposed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tambusso |first1=P. Sebastián |last2=Varela |first2=Luciano |last3=Góis |first3=Flávio |last4=Moura |first4=Jorge Felipe |last5=Villa |first5=Chiara |last6=Fariña |first6=Richard A. |date=June 2021 |title=The inner ear anatomy of glyptodonts and pampatheres (Xenarthra, Cingulata): Functional and phylogenetic implications |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |pages=103189 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103189}}</ref>
Glyptodonts abruptly became extinct approximately 12,000 years ago at the end of the [[Pleistocene|Late Pleistocene]], as part of the [[
== Evolution ==
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{{clear left}}
Cladogram after Barasoain et al. 2022<ref name=":2" />:
{{clade
|label1=Glyptodonts
|label1=Traditional Glyptodontinae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Boreostemma]]''
Line 113 ⟶ 118:
|2=''[[Glyptodon]]''
}}}}
|label2="Austral clade"
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Propalaehoplophorus]]''
Line 119 ⟶ 125:
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cochlops]]''
|2=''[[Palaehoplophorus]]''
▲|2={{clade
|1=''[[Plohophorus]]''▼
|3={{clade
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
▲|1=''[[Eleutherocercus]]''
|
|2=''[[Pseudohoplophorus]]''
}}
|label2=Doedicurinae
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Doedicurus]]''
|2=''[[Eleutherocercus]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]''
|label2=Hoplophorini
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hoplophorus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Propanochthus]]''
|2=''[[Panochthus]]''
}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
== Description ==
[[File:Doedicurus and Glyptodon.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Doedicurus]]'' and ''Glyptodon'' by [[Robert Bruce Horsfall]]]]The largest glyptodonts like ''Doedicurus'' reached a height of {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} and {{Convert|4|m|ft}} in length, with a body mass of over two tonnes. The body of glyptodonts was covered in a large immobile carapace made up of hundreds of bony scutes/[[osteoderms]], with the underside of the body and the top of the head also being protected with osteoderms. This protection reached a thickness of {{Convert|2.5|cm|in}}. The vertebrae of the back were extensively fused to each other. The limbs were short and [[Robustness (morphology)|robustly]] built, with the [[pectoral girdle]] being wide. The head was short and blunt, with deep jaws. The teeth were grooved, and were evergrowing.<ref name=":1" /> The tail was covered in rings composed of osteoderms. In many glyptodonts (members of the "Austral clade" other than ''Propalaehoplophorus'' and ''Eucinepeltus''), the end of the tail was covered in a competely fused "caudal tube".<ref name=":2" /> The end of caudal tubes of at least some glyptodonts are covered in depressions which in life are suggested to have been anchoring points for horny, likely [[keratinous]] spikes, allowing for the tail to function as an effective weapon when swung. These "tail clubs" are similar in construction to those of [[ankylosaurid]] dinosaurs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blanco |first=R. Ernesto |last2=Jones |first2=Washington W. |last3=Rinderknecht |first3=Andrés |date=2009-11-22 |title=The sweet spot of a biological hammer: the centre of percussion of glyptodont (Mammalia: Xenarthra) tail clubs |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2009.1144 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=276 |issue=1675 |pages=3971–3978 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.1144 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=PMC2825778 |pmid=19710060}}</ref>
== Behaviour ==
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