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'''Glyptodonts''' are an extinct [[clade]] of large, heavily armoured [[armadillo]]s, reaching up to {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} in height, and maximum body masses of around 2 tonnes. They had short, deep skulls, a fused vertebral column, and a large bony carapace made up of hundreds of individual scutes. Some glyptodonts had [[Tail club|clubbed tails]], similar to [[Ankylosauridae|ankylosaurid]] dinosaurs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=Kieren J. |last2=Scanferla |first2=Agustin |last3=Soibelzon |first3=Esteban |last4=Bonini |first4=Ricardo |last5=Ochoa |first5=Javier |last6=Cooper |first6=Alan |date=July 2016 |title=Ancient DNA from the extinct South American giant glyptodont Doedicurus sp. (Xenarthra: Glyptodontidae) reveals that glyptodonts evolved from Eocene armadillos |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.13695 |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=25 |issue=14 |pages=3499–3508 |doi=10.1111/mec.13695 |pmid=27158910 |bibcode=2016MolEc..25.3499M |s2cid=3720645 |issn=0962-1083}}</ref>
The earliest widely recognised fossils of glyptodonts in South America are known from the late [[Eocene]], around 38 million years ago, and they spread to southern North America after the continents became connected around 2.7 million years ago.<ref name="Delsuc2016">{{cite journal|last1= Delsuc|first1= F.|last2= Gibb|first2=G. C.|last3= Kuch|first3= M.|last4= Billet|first4= G.|last5= Hautier|first5= L.|last6= Southon|first6= J.|last7= Rouillard|first7= J.-M.|last8= Fernicola|first8=J. C.|last9= Vizcaíno|first9=S. F.|last10= MacPhee|first10=R. D.E.|last11= Poinar|first11=H. N.|title=The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts |journal= Current Biology|volume= 26|issue =4|date= 2016-02-22|pages= R155–R156|doi= 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039|url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01879335|pmid= 26906483|doi-access= free|bibcode= 2016CBio...26.R155D}}</ref> The best-known genus within the group is ''[[Glyptodon]].''
Glyptodonts were historically considered to constitute the distinct family '''Glyptodontidae''', with their relationships to modern armadillos being contested. In 2016, an analysis of the [[mitochondrial genome]] of ''[[Doedicurus]]'' found that it was, in fact, nested within the modern armadillos as the [[sister group]] of a [[clade]] consisting of [[Chlamyphorinae]] (fairy armadillos) and [[Tolypeutinae]] (giant, three-banded and naked-tailed armadillos). For this reason, glyptodonts and all armadillos but ''[[Dasypus]]'' (long-nosed or naked-tailed armadillos) were relocated to a new family, [[Chlamyphoridae]], and glyptodonts were demoted to the subfamily '''Glyptodontinae'''.<ref name="Delsuc2016" /><ref name=":1" /> Other authors have continued to use Glyptodontidae.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Carlini |first1=Alfredo A. |last2=Carrillo-Briceño |first2=Jorge D. |last3=Jaimes |first3=Arturo |last4=Aguilera |first4=Orangel |last5=Zurita |first5=Alfredo E. |last6=Iriarte |first6=José |last7=Sánchez-Villagra |first7=Marcelo R. |date=December 2022 |title=Damaged glyptodontid skulls from Late Pleistocene sites of northwestern Venezuela: evidence of hunting by humans? |journal=Swiss Journal of Palaeontology |language=en |volume=141 |issue=1 |page=11 |doi=10.1186/s13358-022-00253-3 |issn=1664-2376 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022SwJP..141...11C }}</ref> Based on the morphology of the inner ear, a close relationship with [[pampatheres]] has also been proposed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tambusso |first1=P. Sebastián |last2=Varela |first2=Luciano |last3=Góis |first3=Flávio |last4=Moura |first4=Jorge Felipe |last5=Villa |first5=Chiara |last6=Fariña |first6=Richard A. |date=June 2021 |title=The inner ear anatomy of glyptodonts and pampatheres (Xenarthra, Cingulata): Functional and phylogenetic implications |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |pages=103189 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103189|bibcode=2021JSAES.10803189T |s2cid=234062118 }}</ref>
Glyptodonts abruptly became extinct approximately 12,000 years ago at the end of the [[Pleistocene|Late Pleistocene]], as part of the [[Late Pleistocene extinctions]], along with most other large animals in the Americas. Evidence has been found suggesting that they were hunted by recently arrived [[Paleo-Indians|Paleoindians]], which may have played a role in their extinction.<ref name=":0" />
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|title=Cladogram of Cingulata<ref name="Delsuc2016">{{cite journal|last1= Delsuc|first1= F.|last2= Gibb|first2=G. C.|last3= Kuch|first3= M.|last4= Billet|first4= G.|last5= Hautier|first5= L.|last6= Southon|first6= J.|last7= Rouillard|first7= J.-M.|last8= Fernicola|first8=J. C.|last9= Vizcaíno|first9=S. F.|last10= MacPhee|first10=R. D.E.|last11= Poinar|first11=H. N.|title=The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts |journal= Current Biology|volume= 26|issue =4|date= 2016-02-22|pages= R155–R156|doi= 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039|url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01879335|pmid= 26906483|doi-access= free|bibcode= 2016CBio...26.R155D}}</ref><ref name="Upham2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Upham |first1=Nathan S. |last2=Esselstyn |first2=Jacob A. |last3=Jetz |first3=Walter |date=2019 |title=Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation |journal=PLOS Biol |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=e3000494 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 |pmid=31800571 |pmc=6892540 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibb |first1=Gillian C. |last2=Condamine |first2=Fabien L. |last3=Kuch |first3=Melanie |last4=Enk |first4=Jacob |last5=Moraes-Barros |first5=Nadia |last6=Superina |first6=Mariella |last7=Poinar |first7=Hendrik N. |last8=Delsuc |first8=Frédéric |title=Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference PhyloGenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=33 |issue=3 |year=2015 |pages=621–642 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msv250 |pmid=26556496 |pmc=4760074 }}</ref>
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|{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;
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Glyptodonts are divided into two major groups, which split during or prior to the Early Miocene. The first is the traditional Glyptodontinae, which is includes the well known genera of ''[[Glyptodon]]'' and ''[[Glyptotherium]]'', which probably originated in Northern South America, while the second is the unnamed "Austral clade", containing the majority of glyptodont diversity, which as the name suggests probably originated in Southern South America.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |
Cladogram after Barasoain et al. 2022<ref name=":2" />:
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== Description ==
[[File:Doedicurus and Glyptodon.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Doedicurus]]'' and ''Glyptodon'' by [[Robert Bruce Horsfall]]]]The largest glyptodonts like ''Doedicurus'' reached a height of {{Convert|1.5|m|ft}} and {{Convert|4|m|ft}} in length, with a body mass of over two tonnes. The body of glyptodonts was covered in a large immobile carapace made up of hundreds of bony scutes/[[osteoderms]], with the underside of the body and the top of the head also being protected with osteoderms. This protection reached a thickness of {{Convert|2.5|cm|in}}. The vertebrae of the back were extensively fused to each other. The limbs were short and [[Robustness (morphology)|robustly]] built, with the [[pectoral girdle]] being wide. The head was short and blunt, with deep jaws. The teeth were grooved, and were evergrowing.<ref name=":1" /> The tail was covered in rings composed of osteoderms. In many glyptodonts (members of the "Austral clade" other than ''Propalaehoplophorus'' and ''Eucinepeltus''), the end of the tail was covered in a competely fused "caudal tube".<ref name=":2" /> The end of caudal tubes of at least some glyptodonts are covered in depressions which in life are suggested to have been anchoring points for horny, likely [[keratinous]] spikes, allowing for the tail to function as an effective weapon when swung. These "tail clubs" are similar in construction to those of [[ankylosaurid]] dinosaurs.<ref>{{Cite journal |
== Behaviour ==
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== Extinction ==
{{Main|Late Pleistocene extinctions}}
At the end of the [[Late Pleistocene]], all then-living glyptodont species, which belonged to the genera ''[[Glyptodon]], [[Hoplophorus]], [[Glyptotherium]], [[Panochthus]], [[Doedicurus]] and [[Neosclerocalyptus]]'', abruptly became extinct around 12,000 years ago as part of the [[Late Pleistocene extinctions]], simultaneously with the vast majority of other large mammals in the Americas. The importance of human vs climatic factors in these extinctions has been the subject of contention. Several sites across South America are suggested to document hunting of glyptodonts by the recently arrived [[Paleo-Indians|Paleoindians]], which may have played a role in their extinction.<ref>{{Cite journal |
== References ==
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