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== Ottoman Empire ==
[[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire]] gradually became less central to the functions of Ottoman society throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Responding to the influence and pressure of European countries in the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire began taking steps to curtail the [[History of slavery|slave trade]], which had been legally valid under Ottoman law since the beginning of the empire.
[[Ottoman Empire]] policy encouraged manumission of male slaves, but not female slaves.<ref name=autogenerated1>Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 13.</ref> The most telling evidence for this is found in the gender ratio; among slaves traded in Islamic empire across the centuries, there were roughly two females to every male.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zilfi |first=Madeline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo_AetRkC9UC |title=Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521515832 |edition=reprint |series=Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization |location=New York |publication-date=2010 |page=99 |chapter=Telling the Ottoman slave story |quote=Manumission was encouraged by law and commonly practiced. |access-date=9 February 2021 |year=2010}}</ref>
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