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Tolstoy praised the Boxer Rebellion and harshly criticized the atrocities of the Russian, German, American, Japanese, and other troops of the Eight-Nation alliance. He heard about the looting, rapes, and murders, and accused the troops of slaughter and "Christian brutality." He named the monarchs most responsible for the atrocities as [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] and [[Wilhelm II of Germany|Kaiser Wilhelm II]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1_iAAAAMAAJ&q=he+praised+the+Chinese+for+their+heroic+patience.+When+he+learned+about+the+%22orgy+of+murder,+raping,+and+looting%22+committed+by+the+Western+powers+in+quelling+the+Boxer+rebellion,+he+raged+against+the+brutality+of+the+Christians |title=The Russian review |volume=19 |author-first=William Henry |author-last=Chamberlin |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Karpovich |author-first2=Dimitri Sergius |author-last2=Von Mohrenschildt |year=1960 |publisher=Blackwell |page=115}} (Original from the University of Michigan)</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFtDxmZVB7gC&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion&pg=PA3 |title=An age of progress?: clashing twentieth-century global forces |author-first=Walter G. |author-last=Moss |year=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |page=3 |isbn=978-1-84331-301-4 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322210106/https://books.google.com/books?id=MFtDxmZVB7gC&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref> He described the intervention as "terrible for its injustice and cruelty".<ref name="CohenStachel1974">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvK9orJNezwC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA606 |title=For Dirk Struik: Scientific, Historical and Political Essays in Honour of Dirk J. Struik |author-first1=Robert S. |author-last1=Cohen |author-first2=J.J. |author-last2=Stachel |author-first3=Marx W. |author-last3=Wartofsky |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-277-0393-4 |pages=606– |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322210218/https://books.google.com/books?id=OvK9orJNezwC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA606#v=snippet&q=Tolstoy%20boxers&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The war was also criticized by other intellectuals such as [[Leonid Andreyev]] and Gorky. As part of the criticism, Tolstoy wrote an epistle called ''To the Chinese people''.<ref name="Gamsa2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffkU0KocpEYC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA14 |title=The Chinese Translation of Russian Literature: Three Studies |author-first=Mark |author-last=Gamsa |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-04-16844-2 |pages=14– |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205942/https://books.google.com/books?id=ffkU0KocpEYC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA14#v=snippet&q=Tolstoy%20boxers&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1902, he wrote an open letter describing and denouncing Nicholas II's activities in China.<ref name="FlathSmith2011">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K71PjjQAy6EC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA125 |title=Beyond Suffering: Recounting War in Modern China |author-first1=James |author-last1=Flath |author-first2=Norman |author-last2=Smith |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7748-1957-2 |pages=125– |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322210149/https://books.google.com/books?id=K71PjjQAy6EC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA125#v=snippet&q=Tolstoy%20boxers&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
Tolstoy also became a major supporter of the [[Esperanto]] movement. He was impressed by the pacifist beliefs of the [[Doukhobors]] and brought their persecution to the attention of the international community, after they burned their weapons in peaceful protest in 1895.<ref>Bartolf, Christian / Dominique Miething: "Flame of Truth": the global significance of Doukhobor Pacifism. ''Russian Journal of Church History''. 2023;4(4):6-27. https://doi.org/10.15829/2686-973X-2023-142</ref> He aided the Doukhobors to migrate to Canada.<ref>{{cite magazine|author-last=Mays |author-first=H.G. |title=Resurrection: Tolstoy and Canada's Doukhobors |magazine=The Beaver |issue=79 |date=October–November 1999 |pages=38–44}}</ref> He also provided inspiration to the [[Mennonites]], another religious group with anti-government and anti-war sentiments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Some of the Resources of Canada |url=http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=414 |author-first=Peter |author-last=Kropotkin |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |publisher=The Nineteenth Century |website=revoltlib.com |date=March 1898 |pages=494–514 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103012618/http://www.revoltlib.com/%3Fid%3D414 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Leo Tolstoy and the Mennonites |url=https://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/view/532 |author-first=Levi |author-last=Miller |publisher=Journal of Mennonite Studies |website=jms.uwinnipeg.ca |date=1 January 1998 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103014305/https://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/view/532 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1904, Tolstoy condemned the ensuing [[Russo-Japanese War]] and wrote to the Japanese Buddhist priest [[Soyen Shaku]] in a failed attempt to make a joint pacifist statement.
===Georgism===
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