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In the [[Nusantara (archipelago)|Nusantara]] archipelago, large ocean going ships of more than 50 m in length and 5.2–7.8 meters [[Freeboard (nautical)|freeboard]] are already used at least since the 2nd century AD, contacting India to China.<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal|last=Christie|first=Anthony|date=1957|title=An Obscure Passage from the "Periplus: ΚΟΛΑΝΔΙΟϕΩΝΤΑ ΤΑ ΜΕΓΙΣΤΑ"|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=19|pages=345–353|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00133105|s2cid=162840685|via=JSTOR}}</ref>{{rp|347}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times|last=Dick-Read|first=Robert|publisher=Thurlton|year=2005}}</ref>{{rp|41}} [[Srivijaya empire]] since the 7th century AD controlled the sea of the western part of the archipelago. The [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]] is the oldest record of Indonesian military history, and noted a 7th-century Srivijayan sacred ''siddhayatra'' journey led by [[Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa]]. He was said to have brought 20,000 troops, including 312 people in boats and 1,312 foot soldiers.<ref name="UNESCO Silk Roads Programme">{{Cite journal|author=Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abd Rahman|title=Port and polity of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra (5th – 14th Centuries A.D.)|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/port_and_polity_of_the_malay_peninsula_and_sumatra.pdf|journal=International Seminar Harbour Cities Along the Silk Roads}}</ref>{{rp|4}} The 10th century Arab text ''Ajayeb al-Hind'' (Marvels of India) gives an account of an invasion in Africa by people called Wakwak or [[Waqwaq]],<ref name=":122">Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia's Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.), ''Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past'' (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.</ref>{{rp|110}} probably the Malay people of Srivijaya or Javanese people of [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram kingdom]],<ref name=":32">Lombard, Denys (2005)''. [https://archive.org/details/NJ2JA/mode/2up?q= Nusa Jawa: Silang Budaya, Bagian 2: Jaringan Asia]''. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. An Indonesian translation of Lombard, Denys (1990). ''Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) vol. 2''. Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.</ref>{{Rp|27}}<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|39}} in 945–946 CE. They arrived at the coast of [[Tanzania Mainland|Tanganyika]] and [[Mozambique]] with 1000 boats and attempted to take the citadel of Qanbaloh, though eventually failed. The reason of the attack is because that place had goods suitable for their country and for China, such as ivory, tortoise shells, panther skins, and [[ambergris]], and also because they wanted black slaves from [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] people (called ''Zeng'' or ''[[Zanj|Zenj]]'' by Arabs, ''Jenggi'' by Javanese) who were strong and make good slaves.<ref name=":122" />{{rp|110}} Before the 12th century, Srivijaya is primarily land-based polity rather than maritime power, fleets are available but acted as logistical support to facilitate the projection of land power. Later, the naval strategy degenerated to raiding fleet. Their naval strategy was to coerce merchant ships to dock in their ports, which if ignored, they will send ships to destroy the ship and kill the occupants.<ref name="Naval Melaka Straits">{{Cite journal|last=Heng|first=Derek|date=October 2013|title=State formation and the evolution of naval strategies in the Melaka Straits, c. 500-1500 CE|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=44|issue=3|pages=380–399|doi=10.1017/S0022463413000362|s2cid=161550066}}</ref><ref name="end">{{cite book|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|isbn=981-4155-67-5|location=Singapore|pages=171}}</ref>
In 1293, the Mongol [[Yuan dynasty
In the 12th century, China's first permanent standing navy was established by the [[Southern Song dynasty]], the headquarters of the Admiralty stationed at [[Dinghai District|Dinghai]]. This came about after the conquest of northern China by the [[Jurchen people]] (see [[Jin dynasty (1115-1234)|Jin dynasty]]) in 1127, while the Song imperial court fled south from [[Kaifeng]] to [[Hangzhou]]. Equipped with the magnetic [[compass]] and knowledge of [[Shen Kuo]]'s famous treatise (on the concept of [[true north]]), the Chinese became proficient experts of navigation in their day. They raised their naval strength from a mere 11 squadrons of 3,000 marines to 20 squadrons of 52,000 marines in a century's time.
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[[Qin Shi Huang]], the first emperor of the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–207 BC), owed much of his success in unifying southern China to naval power, although an official navy was not yet established (see Medieval Asia section below). The people of the [[Zhou dynasty]] were known to use temporary [[pontoon bridge]]s for general means of transportation, but it was during the Qin and Han dynasties that large permanent pontoon bridges were assembled and used in warfare (first written account of a pontoon bridge in the West being the oversight of the Greek [[Mandrocles of Samos]] in aiding a military campaign of Persian emperor [[Darius I]] over the [[Bosporus]]).
During the [[Han
In terms of seafaring abroad, arguably one of the first Chinese to sail into the [[Indian Ocean]] and to reach Sri Lanka and India by sea was the Buddhist monk [[Faxian]] in the early 5th century, although diplomatic ties and land trade to Persia and India were established during the earlier Han dynasty. However, Chinese naval maritime influence would penetrate into the Indian Ocean until the medieval period.
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