History of Macau: Difference between revisions

While supervising road construction, Amaral ordered the destruction of Chinese tombs in the area. In the [[Passaleão incident|Baishaling incident]], Amaral was ambushed and killed by a group of Chinese villagers he encountered while riding outside the city gates.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=81}} The Portuguese responded with a surprise attack on a nearby Chinese fort, forcing the Chinese to retreat.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=81}} This was a milestone in the Portugal's assertion of sovereignty over Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|pages=81-8281–82}} Portugal gained control of the island of Wanzai ([[Lapa, Dom João e Montanha|Lapa]] by the Portuguese and now as Wanzaizhen), to the northwest of Macau and which now is under the jurisdiction of [[Zhuhai]] ([[Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai|Xiangzhou District]]), in 1849 but relinquished it in 1887. Control over Taipa and [[Coloane]], two islands south of Macau, was obtained between 1851 and 1864. Macau and East Timor were again combined as an overseas province of Portugal under control of Goa in 1883. The Protocol Respecting the Relations Between the Two Countries (signed in Lisbon 26 March 1887) and the [[Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking|Beijing Treaty]] (signed in Beijing on 1 December 1887) confirmed "perpetual occupation and government" of Macau by Portugal (with Portugal's promise "never to alienate Macau and dependencies without agreement with China" in the treaty). Taipa and Coloane were also ceded to Portugal, but the border with the mainland was not delimited. Ilha Verde ({{zh|c=青洲 |j=Ceng1 Zau1 or Cing1 Zau1 |p=Qīngzhōu}}) was incorporated into Macau's territory in 1890, and, once a kilometre offshore, by 1923 it had been absorbed into peninsula Macau through [[land reclamation]].{{citation needed|date = December 2012}}

Riots broke out in 1966 during the [[Cultural Revolution]], when local Chinese and the Macau authority clashed, the most serious one being the [[12-3 incident]].<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} This was prompted by government delays in approving a new wing for a Communist Party elementary school in Taipa.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} The school board illegally commenced construction. the colonial government sent police to stop the workers, and several people were injured in the conflict.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} On December 3, 1966, two days of rioting occurred in which hundreds were injured and six<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84}} to eight people were killed, leading also to a total climbdown by the Portuguese government.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kebmyB-5-IYC&q=de+facto&pg=PA34 ''Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986–1999''], Carmen Amado Mendes, Hong Kong University Press, 2013, page 34</ref> The event set in motion de facto abdication of Portuguese control over Macau, putting it on the path to eventual decolonization.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=84-8584–85}}

Over a three year period in the late 1990s, as wave of gang violence referred to as the casino wars occurred in Macau.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=11}} The casino wars were largely attributable to rival [[Triad (organized crime)|Triad]] groups who sought to gain control of Macau's illicit industries before Portugal transferred the territory back to China.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=11}} The Portuguese authorities of Macau mostly failed to address the violence, which resulted in 122 deaths, or to catch those responsible.<ref name=":132" />{{Rp|page=11}}