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In the 1870s, Tolstoy experienced a profound moral crisis, followed by what he regarded as an equally profound spiritual awakening, as outlined in his non-fiction work ''[[Confession (Leo Tolstoy)|Confession]]'' (1882). His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the [[Sermon on the Mount]], caused him to become a fervent [[Christian anarchism|Christian anarchist]] and [[Anarcho-pacifism|pacifist]].<ref name="Britannica" /> His ideas on [[nonviolent resistance]], expressed in such works as ''[[The Kingdom of God Is Within You]]'' (1894), had a profound impact on such pivotal 20th-century figures as [[Mahatma Gandhi]],<ref name="ResistNotEvil">{{cite web |url=http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/opinion/Resist_Not.html |first=Martin E. |last=Hellman |title=Resist Not Evil |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=6 September 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120182926/http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/opinion/Resist_Not.html |url-status=live }} Originally published in {{cite book |title=World Without Violence |editor-first=Arun |editor-last=Gandhi |editor-link=Arun Manilal Gandhi |publisher=M. K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence |year=1994}}</ref> [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref>{{cite book | last1=King | first1=Martin Luther Jr. |first2=Clayborne | last2= Carson | title = The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. |volume=V: Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959 – December 1960 | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2005 | pages = 149, 269, 248 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TU_HozbJSC8C&pg=PA269 | isbn = 978-0-520-24239-5 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Monk |first=Ray |title=Ludwig Wittgenstein: the duty of genius |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-015995-0 |location=New York |page=115 et passim}}</ref> He also became a dedicated advocate of [[Georgism]], the economic philosophy of [[Henry George]], which he incorporated into his writing, particularly in his novel ''[[Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)|Resurrection]]'' (1899).
Tolstoy received praise from countless authors and critics, both during his lifetime and after. [[Virginia Woolf]] called Tolstoy "the greatest of all novelists",<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Tolstoy |first=Leo |date=2023 |title=First Recollections |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/154/article/901453 |journal=New England Review |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=180–182 |doi=10.1353/ner.2023.a901453 |issn=2161-9131}}</ref> while [[Gary Saul Morson]] referred to ''War and Peace'' as the greatest of all novels.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Morson |first=Gary Saul |date=2019 |title=The greatest of all novels |url=https://newcriterion.com/issues/2019/3/the-greatest-of-all-novels |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The New Criterion |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228224433/https://newcriterion.com/issues/2019/3/the-greatest-of-all-novels |url-status=live }}</ref> Tolstoy never having won a Nobel Prize during his lifetime was a major [[Nobel Prize controversies#1902–1910|Nobel Prize controversy]], and continues to remain one.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hedin |first=Naboth |date=1950-10-01 |title=Winning the Nobel Prize |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1950/10/winning-the-nobel-prize/305480/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031102310/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1950/10/winning-the-nobel-prize/305480/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lichtman |first=Marshall A. |date=2022-07-31 |title=Controversies in Selecting Nobel Laureates: An Historical Commentary
== Origins ==
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Tolstoy's contemporaries paid him lofty tributes. [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]], who died thirty years before Tolstoy, admired and was delighted by Tolstoy's novels (and, conversely, Tolstoy also admired Dostoyevsky's work).<ref name="Dosteoevsky">{{cite book | author = [[Lyubov Dostoevskaya|Aimée Dostoyevskaya]] | year = 1921 | title = Fyodor Dostoyevsky: A Study| location = Honolulu, Hawaii| publisher = University Press of the Pacific | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=n7fb7eH6nRUC&dq=dostoyevsky+admired+tolstoy&pg=PA218 p. 218] }}</ref> [[Gustave Flaubert]], on reading a translation of ''War and Peace'', exclaimed, "What an artist and what a psychologist!" [[Anton Chekhov]], who often visited Tolstoy at his country estate, wrote, "When literature possesses a Tolstoy, it is easy and pleasant to be a writer; even when you know you have achieved nothing yourself and are still achieving nothing, this is not as terrible as it might otherwise be, because Tolstoy achieves for everyone. What he does serves to justify all the hopes and aspirations invested in literature." The 19th-century British poet and critic [[Matthew Arnold]] opined that "A novel by Tolstoy is not a work of art but a piece of life."<ref name="Britannica" /> [[Isaac Babel]] said that "if the world could write by itself, it would write like Tolstoy."<ref name="Britannica" />
Later novelists continued to appreciate Tolstoy's art, but sometimes also expressed criticism. [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] wrote, "I am attracted by his earnestness and by his power of detail, but I am repelled by his looseness of construction and by his unreasonable and impracticable mysticism."<ref name="ACD">{{cite magazine|last1=Doyle|first1=Arthur Conan|title=My Favourite Novelist and His Best Book|date=January 1898|magazine=[[Munsey's Magazine]]|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1306981h.html|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006212159/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1306981h.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Virginia Woolf]] declared him "the greatest of all novelists."<ref name="Britannica" /> [[James Joyce]] noted that, "He is never dull, never stupid, never tired, never pedantic, never theatrical!" [[Thomas Mann]] wrote of Tolstoy's seemingly guileless artistry: "Seldom did art work so much like nature." [[Vladimir Nabokov]] heaped superlatives upon ''[[The Death of Ivan Ilyich]]'' and ''[[Anna Karenina]]''; he questioned, however, the reputation of ''[[War and Peace]]'', and sharply criticized ''[[Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)|Resurrection]]'' and ''[[The Kreutzer Sonata]]''. However, Nabokov called Tolstoy the "greatest Russian writer of prose fiction".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Frank |first=Joseph |date=1981-11-15 |title=Vladimir Nabokov Reads the Russian Masters |language=en-US |
==Ethical, political and religious beliefs==
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