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==Far East==
[[File:Geodispersal_at_Bering_Land_Bridge.png|thumb|image showing the Bering land bridge created during the Late Pleistocene]]
The [[topography]] and [[geography]] of Asia were subject to frequent changes such as the creation of [[Land bridge|land bridges]] when sea levels dropped which helped with the expansion and migration of [[Human population|human populations]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wooller |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Saulnier-Talbot |first2=Émilie |last3=Potter |first3=Ben A. |last4=Belmecheri |first4=Soumaya |last5=Bigelow |first5=Nancy |last6=Choy |first6=Kyungcheol |last7=Cwynar |first7=Les C. |last8=Davies |first8=Kimberley |last9=Graham |first9=Russell W. |last10=Kurek |first10=Joshua |last11=Langdon |first11=Peter |last12=Medeiros |first12=Andrew |last13=Rawcliffe |first13=Ruth |last14=Wang |first14=Yue |last15=Williams |first15=John W. |date=June 2018 |title=A new terrestrial palaeoenvironmental record from the Bering Land Bridge and context for human dispersal |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=180145 |bibcode=2018RSOS....580145W |doi=10.1098/rsos.180145 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=6030284 |pmid=30110451}}</ref> The first human habitation in the [[Japanese archipelago]] has been traced to [[Japanese Paleolithic|prehistoric times]] between 40,000 BC and 30,000 BC. The earliest fossils are [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dated]] to c. 35,000 BC. An archeological record of Neanderthals has been found in Asia along records of two other hominin populations, the [[Denisovan|Denisovans]] and [[Homo floresiensis|''Homo floresiensis'']].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reich |first1=David |last2=Green |first2=Richard E. |last3=Kircher |first3=Martin |last4=Krause |first4=Johannes |last5=Patterson |first5=Nick |last6=Durand |first6=Eric Y. |last7=Viola |first7=Bence |last8=Briggs |first8=Adrian W. |last9=Stenzel |first9=Udo |last10=Johnson |first10=Philip L. F. |last11=Maricic |first11=Tomislav |last12=Good |first12=Jeffrey M. |last13=Marques-Bonet |first13=Tomas |last14=Alkan |first14=Can |last15=Fu |first15=Qiaomei |date=December 2010 |title=Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=468 |issue=7327 |pages=1053–1060 |bibcode=2010Natur.468.1053R |doi=10.1038/nature09710 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=4306417 |pmid=21179161}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=P. |last2=Sutikna |first2=T. |last3=Morwood |first3=M. J. |last4=Soejono |first4=R. P. |last5=Jatmiko |last6=Wayhu Saptomo |first6=E. |last7=Awe Due |first7=Rokus |date=October 2004 |title=A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02999 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=431 |issue=7012 |pages=1055–1061 |bibcode=2004Natur.431.1055B |doi=10.1038/nature02999 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=15514638}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sutikna |first1=Thomas |last2=Tocheri |first2=Matthew W. |last3=Morwood |first3=Michael J. |last4=Saptomo |first4=E. Wahyu |last5=Jatmiko |last6=Awe |first6=Rokus Due |last7=Wasisto |first7=Sri |last8=Westaway |first8=Kira E. |last9=Aubert |first9=Maxime |last10=Li |first10=Bo |last11=Zhao |first11=Jian-xin |last12=Storey |first12=Michael |last13=Alloway |first13=Brent V. |last14=Morley |first14=Mike W. |last15=Meijer |first15=Hanneke J. M. |date=2016-04-21 |title=Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17179 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=532 |issue=7599 |pages=366–369 |bibcode=2016Natur.532..366S |doi=10.1038/nature17179 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=27027286}}</ref>
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==North America==
Human migrations happened during this time with people coming in from [[Eurasia]]. From about 28 ka, there were migrations across the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] from [[Siberia]] to [[Alaska]]. The people became the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. It is believed that the original tribes subsequently moved down to Central and South America under pressure from later migrations.<ref name="BLB" />{{sfn|Teeple|2002|pp=12–13}}▼
▲Human migrations happened during this time with people coming in from [[Eurasia]]. From about 28 ka, there were migrations across the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] from [[Siberia]] to [[Alaska]]. The people became the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. It is believed that the original tribes subsequently moved down to Central and South America under pressure from later migrations.<ref name="BLB"/>{{sfn|Teeple|2002|pp=12–13}}
In the [[North American land mammal age]] scale, the [[Rancholabrean]] spans the time from c. 240,000 years ago to c. 11,000 years ago. It is named after the [[Rancho La Brea]] fossil site in [[California]], characterised by extinct forms of [[bison]] in association with other Pleistocene species such as the [[mammoth]].<ref>A. E. Sanders, R. E. Weems & L. B. Albright III (2009). ''Formalization of the mid-Pleistocene "Ten Mile Hill beds" in South Carolina with evidence for placement of the Irvingtonian-Rancholabrean boundary''. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin (64:369–375).</ref><ref>D. E. Savage (1951). ''Late Cenozoic vertebrates of the San Francisco Bay region''. University of California Publications; Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences (28:215–314).</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Bell, C. J. |year=2004 |chapter=The Blancan, Irvingtonian, and Rancholabrean mammal ages |title=Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology |editor=Woodburne, M. O. |pages=232–314 |location=New York | publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-13040-6}}</ref>[[File:Skull of the Bison occidentalis.jpg|thumb|right|''Bison occidentalis'' skull at the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]].]]During the Late Pleistocene about 35 genera of [[megafauna]] went extinct including species such as [[mastodon]]s, [[Machairodontinae|saber-toothed cats]] and [[Megatherium|giant ground sloths]]. Some other species went extinct in [[North America]] but not globally. it is still heavily debated what caused the extinctions.
''[[Bison occidentalis]]'' and ''[[Bison antiquus]]'', an extinct subspecies of the smaller present-day bison, survived the late Pleistocene period, between about 12 and 11 [[kiloannum|ka]] ago. [[Clovis culture|Clovis]] peoples depended on these bison as their major food source. Earlier kills of camels, horses, and muskoxen found at [[Wally's beach]] were dated to 13.1–13.3 ka B.P.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Michael R. Waters |author2=Thomas W. Stafford Jr. |author3=Brian Kooyman |author4=L. V. Hills |title=Late Pleistocene horse and camel hunting at the southern margin of the ice-free corridor: Reassessing the age of Wally's Beach, Canada |journal=[[PNAS]] |volume=112 |issue=14 |pages=4263–4267 |date=23 March 2015 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1420650112 |pmid=25831543 |pmc=4394292|bibcode=2015PNAS..112.4263W |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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