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=====History=====
Nursing was not an established part of Japan's healthcare system until the 1899 withenactment of the Midwives Ordinance.<ref name="nurse3">{{cite web|title=Nursing in Japan – Overview of Japanese Nursing System|url=http://www.nurse.or.jp/jna/english/nursing/system.html|website=nurse.or.jp|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311091329/http://www.nurse.or.jp/jna/english/nursing/system.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> From there theThe Registered Nurse Ordinance came into playfollowed in 1915. This established a legal substantiationregime tofor registered nurses all over Japan. A new law geared towards nurses was created during [[World War II]]: theThe ''Public Health Nurse, Midwife and Nurse Law'', was established in 1948.<ref name="test2" /> It established educational requirements, standards and licensure. There has been a continued effort to improve nursing in Japan. In 1992 the Nursing Human Resource Law was passed.<ref name="test2" /> This law created the development of new university nursing programs for nurses. Those programs were designed to raise the education level of the nurses so that they could be better suited for taking care of the publiclevels.
=====Types of nurses=====
Japan only recognizes four types of nursing and they are: [[Public Health Nursing]], [[Midwifery]], Registered Nursing, and Assistant Nursing.
======Public health======
This type of nursing is designed to help the public and is also driven by the public's needs. The goals of public health nurses are to monitor the spread of disease, keep vigilant watch for environmental hazards, educate the community on how to care for and treat themselves, and train for community disasters.
======Midwifery======
NursesMidwifery thatnurses arework involvedindependently with midwifery are independent of any organization. A [[midwife]] takesto care offor a pregnant woman during labour and postpartum. They assist with things like breastfeeding and caring for the child.
======Nursing assistant======
Nursing assistants, also known as nurse assistants or CNAs (Certified Nursing Assistants), assist patients with basic daily tasks. IndividualsThey whowork are assistant nurses follow orders fromunder a registered nurse. They report back to the licensed nurse about a patient's condition. Assistant nurses are always supervised by a licensed registered nurse.
=====Education=====
In 1952 Japan established theits first nursing university in the country.<ref name="test2" /> An [[Associate of Science in Nursing|associate degree]] was the only level of certification for years. Soon people began to want nursing degrees at a higher level of education. SoonLater the [[Bachelor of Science in Nursing|Bachelor's Degree in Nursing]] (BSN) was established. Currently, Japan now offers [[Doctorate in Nursing|doctorate]]-level degrees of nursing in a good number of its universities.
ThereThree arepaths three ways thatallow an individual couldto become a registered nurse: in Japan. After obtainingcomplete a high school degree the person could go to a nursingfour-year university for four yearscourse and earn a bachelor's degree,; gocomplete toa three-year nursing degree at a junior nursing college; foror complete three-year yearsnursing ordegree go toat a nursing school for three years.<ref name="test2" /> RegardlessIn ofall where the individual attends schoolcases, they must takepass the national exam. Those who attended aA nursing university havedegree a bit of an advantage over those who went to a nursing school. They can takeopens the national examdoor to bebecome a registered nurse, public health nurse or midwife. In the caseslatter oftwo becoming a midwife or a public health nursecases, the student must takecompletes a one-year course in their desired field after attending a nursing university and passing the national exam to become a registered nurse. The nursing universities are the best route for someone who wants to become a nurse in Japantest.<ref name="test2" /> TheyNursing universities offer a wider range of general education classes and they also allow for a more rigidstricter teaching style of nursing. These nursing universities train their students to be able to make critical and educated decisions when they are out in the field. Physicians areoften theteach ones who are teaching the potential nurses becausecourses there are not enough available nurses to teach students. This increases the dominance that physicians have over nurses.
Students that attend a nursing college or just a nursing school receive the same degree as one who graduated from a nursing university would, but they do not have the same educational background. The classes offeredClasses at nursing colleges and nursing schools are focused on more practical aspects of nursing. These institutions do not offer many general education classes, so students who attend these schools will solely be focusingfocus on their nursing educations while they are in school. Students who attend a nursing college or school do have the opportunity to become a [[midwife]] or a public health nurse. They have to go through a training institute for their desired field after graduating from the nursing school or college.<ref name="test2" /> Japanese nurses never have to renew their licenses. Once they have passed their exam, they have their license for life.<ref name="test2" />
=====TodayStatus=====
Like the United States, Japan is in need of more nurses. The driving force behind this need is the fact that country is aging and needs more medicalto care for its people. However, the number of available nurses does not seem to beaging increasingpopulation. Nurses face poor working conditions and low social status, and therethe iscultural a culturalnorm idea that married women quitleave their jobsnursing for family responsibilities.<ref name="nurse22">{{cite web|title=Nursing in Japan – Working conditions in Japan|url=http://www.nurse.or.jp/jna/english/nursing/employment.html|website=nurse.or.jp|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225151221/https://www.nurse.or.jp/jna/english/nursing/employment.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On average, Japanese nurses make around 280,000 yen a month, andconsidered it is one of thea higher paying jobsjob. However, physicians make twice as much as nurses.<ref name="worldsalaries2">{{cite web|title=Professional Nurse Salaries – International Comparison|url=http://www.worldsalaries.org/professionalnurse.shtml|website=worldsalaries.org|access-date=25 February 2018}}</ref> Similar to other cultures, the Japanese people view nurses as subservientsubordinate to physicians. According to the [[American Nurses Association]] article on Japan, "nursing work has been described using negative terminology such as 'hard, dirty, dangerous, low salary, few holidays, minimal chance of marriage and family, and poor image.'"
There are organizations that unite Japanese nurses like theThe [[Japanese Nursing Association]] (JNA); the JNA is a professional organization and (not a union). MembersJNA of the JNAmembers lobby politicians and producesproduce publications about nursing. According to the American Nurses Association's article on Japan, the JNA "works toward the improvement in nursing practice through many activities including the development of a policy research group to influence policy development, a code of ethics for nurses, and standards of nursing practice." The JNA also provides certification for specialists in mental health, oncology and community health.<ref name="test2" /> There areSome other organizations, including some that categorize nurses by specialty, likesuch as emergency nursing or disaster nursing. One of the older unions that relates to nursing is theThe Japanese Federation of Medical Workers Union, whichorganizes wasdoctors created in 1957.<ref name="test2" /> It is a union that includes physicians as well asand nurses. This organization was involved with the '''Nursing Human Resource Law'''.<ref name="test2" />
====Philippines====
{{main article|Nursing in the Philippines}}
Philippines isprovides welltraveling knownnurses forwho migrant nurses workingwork in other countries especially in the west, likesuch as the United States of America. It accountsprovides a quarter of the world's overseas nurses in the world. Every year, around 20,000 nurses leave the Philippines to work in more developed countries looking for better pay.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Worlds Largest Supplier of Nurses: The Philippines |work=Hawk Herald |url=https://www.hawkherald.com/2021/11/the-worlds-largest-supplier-of-nurses-the-philippines/|access-date=6 December 2022|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120041136/https://www.hawkherald.com/2021/11/the-worlds-largest-supplier-of-nurses-the-philippines/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nurses in the Philippines must beare licensed by the [[Professional Regulatory Commission]].
====Taiwan====
{{main article|Nursing in Taiwan}}
In [[Taiwan]], the [[Ministry of Health and Welfare (Taiwan)|Ministry of Health and Welfare]] is in charge of the regulation ofregulates nursing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministry of Health and Welfare|url=http://www.mohw.gov.tw/EN/Ministry/Index.aspx|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428230510/http://www.mohw.gov.tw/EN/Ministry/Index.aspx}}</ref> The Taiwan Union of Nurses Association (TUNA) is the union unit in Taiwan, fighting fororganizes nurses on payment and working time issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nurse.org.tw/|title=中華民國護理師護士公會全國聯合會|website=www.nurse.org.tw}}</ref>
===Australia===
*{{main article|Nursing in Australia}}Enrolled nurses may initiate some oral medication orders with a specific competency now included in national curricula but variable in application by agency. ▼{{main article|Nursing in Australia}}
Catholic religious institutes were influential in the development of Australian nursing, founding many of Australia's hospitals – the Irish [[Sisters of Charity of Australia|Sisters of Charity]] were first to arrive in 1838 and established [[St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney]] in 1857 as a free hospital for the poor. They and other orders like the [[Sisters of Mercy]], and in aged care the Sisters of the Little Company of Mary and [[Little Sisters of the Poor]] founded hospitals, hospices, research institutes and aged care facilities around Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://national.stvincents.com.au/history.php|date=6 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402062826/http://national.stvincents.com.au/history.php|archive-date=2 April 2010|access-date=31 July 2012|title=Sisters of Charity Health Service }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Little Sisters of the Poor Oceania|url=http://www.littlesistersofthepoor.org.au/|publisher=Littlesistersofthepoor.org.au|access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref> ▼
* Nurse practitioners have started emerging from postgraduate programs and work in both private practice and [[Public hospital|public hospitals and clinics]]. ▼A census in the 1800s found several hundred nurses working in Western Australia during the colonial period of history, this included Aboriginal female servants who cared for the infirm.<ref>"But Westward Look" by author</ref>
==== History ====
The state nursing licensing bodies amalgamated in Australia in 2011 under the federal body AHPRA (Australian Health Practitioner Registration Authority).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ralph|first1=Nicholas|last2=Birks|first2=Melanie|last3=Chapman|first3=Ysanne|date=November 2013|title=The accreditation of nursing education in Australia|url=http://eprints.usq.edu.au/25901/14/Ralph_Birks_Coll_SV.pdf|journal=Collegian|volume=22|issue=1|pages=3–7|doi=10.1016/j.colegn.2013.10.002|pmid=26285403}}</ref> Several divisions of nursing license is available and recognized around the country. ▼▲Catholic religious institutes were influential in the development of Australian nursing, founding many of Australia's hospitals – the Irish [[Sisters of Charity of Australia|Sisters of Charity]] were first to arrive in 1838 and established [[St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney]] in 1857 as a free hospital for the poor. They and other orders likesuch as the [[Sisters of Mercy]], and in aged care the Sisters of the Little Company of Mary and [[Little Sisters of the Poor]] (aged care) founded hospitals, hospices, research institutes and aged care facilities around Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://national.stvincents.com.au/history.php|date=6 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402062826/http://national.stvincents.com.au/history.php|archive-date=2 April 2010|access-date=31 July 2012|title=Sisters of Charity Health Service }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Little Sisters of the Poor Oceania|url=http://www.littlesistersofthepoor.org.au/|publisher=Littlesistersofthepoor.org.au|access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref> A census in the 1800s found several hundred nurses working in Western Australia, this included [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] female servants who provided care.<ref>"But Westward Look" by author</ref> In 1986 nurses staged industrial actions, culminating when five thousand Victorian nurses went on strike for eighteen days, ending in a perceived victory for the strikers.
▲The state nursing licensing bodies amalgamated in Australia in 2011 under the federal body AHPRA (Australian Health Practitioner Registration Authority (AHPRA).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ralph|first1=Nicholas|last2=Birks|first2=Melanie|last3=Chapman|first3=Ysanne|date=November 2013|title=The accreditation of nursing education in Australia|url=http://eprints.usq.edu.au/25901/14/Ralph_Birks_Coll_SV.pdf|journal=Collegian|volume=22|issue=1|pages=3–7|doi=10.1016/j.colegn.2013.10.002|pmid=26285403}}</ref> Several divisions of nursing license isare available and recognized around the country.
▲* Enrolled nurses may initiate some oral medication orders with a specific competency now included in national curricula but variable in application by agency.
* Registered nurses hold a university degree (enrolled nurses can progress to registered nurse status and do get credit for previous study). ▼▲* Nurse practitioners have started emerging from postgraduate programs and work in both private practice and [[Public hospital|public hospitals and clinics]].
* Mental health nurses must complete further training as advanced mental health practitioners in order to administer client referrals under the ''Mental Health Act''. ▼
==== Education ====
Australia enjoys the luxury of a national curriculum for vocational nurses, trained at Technical and Further Education (TAFE) colleges or private Registered Training Organization (RTO). Enrolled and registered nurses are identified by the department of immigration as an occupational area of need, although registered nurses are always in shorter supply, and this increases in proportion with specialization.
▲* Registered nurses hold a university degree (enrolled nurses can progress to registered nurse status and do get credit for previous study).
▲* Mental health nurses must complete further training as advanced mental health practitioners in order to administer client referrals under the ''Mental Health Act ''.
<ref>[http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/interventions/rebelwomen/nurses.htm Nurses' militancy stemmed from two different kinds of experiences]. Anu.edu.au (19 November 1983). Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref> ▼
A national curriculum is used to train vocational nurses, trained at Technical and Further Education (TAFE) colleges or private Registered Training Organization (RTO).
In 1986 there were a number of rolling industrial actions around the country, culminating when five thousand Victorian nurses went on strike for eighteen days. The hospitals were able to function by hiring casual staff from each other's striking members, but the increased cost forced a decision in the nurses' favor.
▲Registered nurses are identified as an occupational area of need, although registered nurses are always in short supply, exacerbated in proportion with specialization.<ref>[http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/interventions/rebelwomen/nurses.htm Nurses' militancy stemmed from two different kinds of experiences]. Anu.edu.au (19 November 1983). Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref>
== Online Healthcare Staffing Platforms ==
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