Horned sungem: Difference between revisions

The horned sungem was named as ''Trochilus bilophus'' in 1820 by the Dutch zoologist [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]]. This 1820 account only consisted of a figure plate illustrating a male specimen that was collected in 1816 by the German naturalist [[Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied]] in [[Campos Gerais]], Brazil. In the [[species description|description]] of the new species that followed a few years later, Temminck and colleagues argued that the discovery of this species should be attributed to Wied-Neuwied, who was amongst the first travelers to bring specimens to Europe.<ref name="Temminck">{{cite book|last1=Temminck |first1= C.J.|last2=Laugier de Chartrouse |first2=G.M.J.M. |year=1821–1838 |title=Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon, édition in-folio et in-4° de l'Imprimerie nationale, 1770 |place=Levrault, Paris| volume=IV |number= 362–480 |pages=83–84 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.51468 |language=French}}{{BHL page|35465192 |pl.&nbsp;18 fig.3}}, {{BHL page|35465195 |text}}</ref><ref name="leiden"/> In 1821, Wied-Neuwied published his own description of the species, which he named ''T.{{nbsp}}cornutus'',<ref name="wiedneuwied">{{cite book|last=Wied-Neuwied|first=M.|year=1821|title=Reise nach Brasilien in den Jahren 1815 bis 1817|trans-title=Journey to Brazil in the years 1815 and 1817|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45440021|page=190|place=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=H.L. Brönner|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.85967|language=German|access-date=2024-02-19|archive-date=2023-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106175349/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45440021|url-status=live}}</ref> but Temminck's name ''bilophus'' has [[Principle of priority|priority]] as it was published one year earlier.<ref name=HOSU-BOW>{{cite journal |url=https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.horsun2.01 |title=Horned Sungem (''Heliactin bilophus'') |last1=Schuchmann |first1=K.L. |last2=Kirwan |first2=G. M. |last3=Boesman |first3=P. F. D. |editor-first1=Josep |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-first3=Jordi |editor-first4=David |editor-first5=Eduardo |editor-last1=Del Hoyo |editor-last2=Elliott |editor-last3=Sargatal |editor-last4=Christie |editor-last5=De Juana |date=December 15, 2021 |journal=Birds of the World |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |doi=10.2173/bow.horsun2.01 |s2cid=242933406 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216080926/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/horsun2/1.0/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1831, the German zoologist [[Friedrich Boie]] classified the horned sungem within the new genus ''Heliactin'', as ''Heliactin bilophus'', together with three other hummingbird species. Today, the horned sungem is recognized as the only member of ''Heliactin''.<ref name=IOC>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |title=IOC World Bird List (v 14.1) |last1=Gill |first1=F. |last2=Donsker |first2=D. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=July 2021 |access-date=February 20, 2024 |archive-date=October 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004142729/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1921, the French naturalist [[Eugène Simon]] mistakenly assumed that Temminck's figure plate was published in 1824 instead of in 1820, and consequently considered Wied-Neuwied's name ''cornutus'' as the valid one, which was followed in most subsequent publications of the 20th century. Even though this mistake was pointed out in 1999, some ornithologists felt that Temminck's name ''bilophus'' had become a ''[[nomen oblitum]]'' (forgotten name) and continued to use the established ''H.{{nbsp}}cornutus''.<ref name="Restall2006">{{cite book |last1=Restall |first1=R.L. |last2=Rodner |first2=C. |last3=Lentino |first3=M. |title=Birds of northern South America: an identification guide |date=2006 |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=978-0-7136-7242-8}}</ref><ref name=SACClist/> The specimen originally illustrated by Temminck in 1820, now considered as the [[Holotype|type specimen]] of the species, is part of the collection of the [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]] in [[Leiden]].<ref name="leiden">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.1155.98097| issn = 1313-2970| page = 41| last1 = van der Mije| first1 = S.D.| last2 = Kamminga| first2 = P.| last3 = Dekker| first3 = R.W.R.J.| title = Type specimens of non-passerines in Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Animalia, Aves)| journal = ZooKeys| date = 2023| issue = 1155| doi-access = free| pmid = 38059051| pmc = 10696600| bibcode = 2023ZooK.1155....1V| url = https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/98097/| access-date = 2024-01-31| archive-date = 2024-01-31| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240131223130/https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/98097/| url-status = live}}</ref>

 

 

 

[[File:Nouveaurecueild4Temm_0168.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the [[holotype]] specimen of the horned sungem as figured in the 1820 description of the species|alt=Old drawing from 1820 depicting the male of the horned sungem; the drawing was based on a dead specimen and therefore is odd-looking, not reflecting the live appearance of the species]]