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==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Heliactin bilophus 332892073.jpg|thumb|Female in [[Paraíba]]|alt=Female perching on a twig, in front-side view, partially hidden behind another twig]]
The horned sungem is found across much of central [[Wildlife of Brazil|Brazil]], in the east from southern [[Maranhão]] south to the north of the [[São Paulo (state)|State of São Paulo]] and then west to western [[Mato Grosso]] and into Bolivia's [[Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)|Santa Cruz]] department.<ref name=HOSU-BOW/> It has recently expanded its range into southern [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] and [[Espírito Santo]], probably as a result of [[deforestation]] and its ability to adopt open landscapes created by humans.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=HOSU-BOW/> It is also found in a small area of southern Suriname and in another small area in the northern Brazilian state of [[Amapá]], and has been reported outside of its normal range in [[Acre (state)|Acre]] in far western Brazil.<ref name=HOSU-BOW/> A possible presence in the state of [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] has still to be confirmed.<ref name=HOSU-BOW/> Its total range is estimated to encompass {{
It inhabits a variety of semi-open to open habitats including dry and moist forests, [[savanna]]s including the [[Cerrado]] and [[Caatinga]], [[grassland]]s, and cultivated areas such as gardens.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=HOSU-BOW/><ref name="robber"/> Though it is mostly found below {{
==Ecology and behavior==
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|footer = Female [[nectar robbing]] the plant ''[[Amphilophium elongatum]]'' (top); hole used to obtain the nectar (bottom, red circle)
}}
All hummingbirds are mostly [[Nectarivore|nectarivorous]] (feeding on the nectar of blossoms), and are important [[pollinator]]s as they transport [[pollen]] from blossom to blossom.<ref name="BOW_humm">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.2173/bow.trochi1.01| issn = 2771-3105| last1 = Winkler| first1 = D.W.| last2 = Billerman| first2 = S.M.| last3 = Lovette| first3 = I.J.| title = Hummingbirds (Trochilidae), version 1.0| journal = Birds of the World| access-date = 2024-02-07| date = 2020| url = https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/trochi1/cur/introduction?login| url-access = subscription| archive-date = 2024-02-16| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240216082702/https://secure.birds.cornell.edu/cassso/login?service=https%3A%2F%2Fbirdsoftheworld.org%2Flogin%2Fcas| url-status = live}}</ref> The horned sungem feeds on nectar from a variety of flowering plants, such as ''
When the shape of a flower is incompatible with their bills, some hummingbirds may become [[nectar robbing|nectar robbers]] by piercing the base of the flower's [[Petal|corolla]] to access the nectar, without contributing to pollination.<ref name="jewels">{{cite book |last1=Bartley |first1=G. |last2=Swash |first2=A. |last3=Melchels |first3=J. |title=Hummingbirds: A Celebration of Nature's Jewels |date=2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-691-18212-4 |pages=40, 167}}</ref> Hummingbirds of the ''Colibri'' and ''Heliothryx'' groups, to which the horned sungem belongs, have bill tips that are flattened laterally (sideways) to a stronger degree than in any other hummingbird species. This bill shape, which has also been termed a "[[stiletto]]-shape", is probably an adaptation for piercing flowers for nectar robbing. The "stiletto-shape" is pronounced in the horned sungem, although to a lesser degree than in some related hummingbirds such as [[Geoffroy's daggerbill]], which is named after this feature.<ref name="remsen2015">{{Cite journal| volume = 3957| issue = 1| pages = 143–150| last1 = Remsen Jr| first1 = J.V.| last2 = Stiles| first2 = F.G.| last3 = Mcguire| first3 = J.A.| title = Classification of the Polytminae (Aves: Trochilidae)| journal = Zootaxa| date = 2015| url = https://www.academia.edu/download/67353322/Classification_of_the_Polytminae_Aves_T20210517-4791-uyulr.pdf| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3957.1.13| pmid = 26249062| access-date = 2024-02-08| archive-date = 2024-02-16| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240216080819/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67353322/Classification_of_the_Polytminae_Aves_T20210517-4791-uyulr.pdf?1621295313=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3Dstrong_Classification_of_the_Polytminae.pdf&Expires=1708074498&Signature=KUi6jABiICiHpfHxL-ozSJTiFIpkCze0k0ovp8zWVoSC-PXDteXJO5MYI2FCvddTiD6jcjhNmYIisKvXhwfOsgrdt6orwXI7qRrAcvWLHdnjxVk1PitKSouPlXJk~7HoZy7z~XdSmxbTpCgNYiunPCjBuj347QUBaip0FvXeGBBYzxz~PPVsGeP~Vd9GUdYT14elxOoh5jyrhLpKTYTb0GSTg7~8Mdh3DKlzuhrerRsuLm-Y3-d5g8cIBBrgAzcXfrh1GmlTYPHsN8c-FFKmmuGpvUNK7ovJV6iGo3kWX8qOyKjCPuuQh7wZl9~EpzAjB~l~6ZEm1MYpOldpWtICMw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA| url-status = live}}</ref> A 2016 study confirmed nectar robbing in the horned sungem; the observed individuals robbed nectar from the plants ''[[Amphilophium elongatum]]'' and a species of ''[[Sinningia]]''. However, it could not be observed whether the openings used to obtain the nectar were created by the sungem, by another hummingbird, or even by an insect. Nectar robbing may be an important survival strategy for the horned sungem in times of food shortages.<ref name="robber">{{cite journal |last1=Vitorino |first1=B.D. |last2=Frota |first2=A.V.B. |last3=Andrade |first3=A.L.P. |title=Nectar robbing behavior of the horned sungem hummingbird (''Heliactin bilophus'') (Birds: Trochilidae) in two species plant the genus ''Amphilophium'' Kunth (Bignoniaceae) and ''Sinningia'' Nees (Gesneriaceae) |journal=Biota Amazônia |date=29 December 2016 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=104–106 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311974035|doi=<!-- Deny Citation Bot-->|oclc=6916894431}}</ref>
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===Breeding===
[[File:Sungem.webm|thumb|left|Male filmed near [[Serra do Cipó National Park]]|alt=Video of a male perching on a twig, rubbing its bill against the twig, stretching its tongue, making calls, and flying briefly from the twig and sitting down again]]
The sungem's [[Seasonal breeder|breeding season]] is mostly from June to October but in some cases starts as early as April. The female alone builds the nest, incubates the eggs, and cares for the young. It makes a small [[cup nest]] of soft material and spider web, adorned with [[lichen]] on the outside. One nest was measured at {{
===Agonistic behavior===
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===Parasites===
The [[feather mite]] ''[[Allodectes norneri]]'' is a known [[parasite]] of the horned sungem. This mite has also been recorded in the [[long-tailed sylph]].<ref name="10.1080_01647954.2010.519719">{{cite journal |last1=Valim |first1=M.P. |last2=Hernandes |first2=F.A. |last3=Proctor |first3=H.C. |title=Feather mites of Brazil (Acari: Astigmata: Analgoidea and Pterolichoidea) |journal=International Journal of Acarology |date=August 2011 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=305 |doi=10.1080/01647954.2010.519719|bibcode=2011IJAca..37..293V |s2cid=85944640 }}</ref>
==Status==
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