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Oral traditions about the early history of the country were set in writing for the first time in the late 16th century, and especially detailed versions were recorded in the mid-17th century, include those written by the Italian [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] missionary [[Giovanni Cavazzi da Montecuccolo]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cavazzi da Montecuccolo |first1=Giovanni Antonio |title=Istorica Descrizione de' tre regni Congo, Matamba ed Angola |date=1687 |publisher=Giacomo Monti |location=Bologna |page=Book II, nos. 86–90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aYPCUKOWZYC}}</ref> Traditions about the foundation changed over time, depending on historical circumstances.
Modern research into [[oral tradition]], including recording them in writing began in the 1910s with Mpetelo Boka and Lievan Sakala Boku writing in Kikongo and extended by [[Redemptorist]] missionaries like [[Jean Cuvelier]] and [[Joseph de Munck]]. In 1934, Cuvelier published a Kikongo language summary of these traditions in [[Nkutama a mvila za makanda]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Thornton|first=John|date=2001|title=The Origins and Early History of the Kingdom of Kongo, c. 1350–1550|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=34|issue=1|pages=89–120 |doi=10.2307/3097288|jstor=3097288}}</ref> Although Cuvelier and other scholars contended that these traditions applied to the earliest period of Kongo's history, it is more likely that they relate primarily to local traditions of clans (''[[Kanda (lineage)|makanda]]'') and especially to the period following 1750.<ref>John Thornton, "Modern Oral Traditions and the Historic Kingdom of Kongo" in {{cite book |last1=Landau |first1=Paul |title=The Power of Doubt: Essays in Honor of David Henige |date=2011 |publisher=University of Wlsconsin African Studies Center |location=Madison, WI |pages=195–208}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thornton |first1=John |title=A History of West Central Africa to 1850 |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-107-12715-9 |pages=24–35}}</ref>
===Foundation===
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