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In 1866 the feud finally came to an end during the [[Austro-Prussian War]] in which the Prussians defeated the Austrians and thereby excluded the [[Austrian Empire]] and German Austrians from Germany. The Prussian statesman [[Otto von Bismarck]] formed the [[North German Confederation]], which included most of the remaining German states, aside from a few in the southwestern region of the German-inhabited lands, and further expanded the power of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. Bismarck used the [[Franco-Prussian war]] (1870–1871) as a way to convince southwestern German states, including the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], to side with Prussia against the [[Second French Empire]]. Due to Prussia's quick victory, the debate was settled and in 1871 the "''Kleindeutsch''" [[German Empire]] based on the leadership of Bismarck and Prussia formed—this excluded Austria.<ref>{{cite book|author= Sheehan, James J.|author-link= James J. Sheehan|title= German History, 1770–1866|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TAEj4vtFR3AC&pg=PA851|year= 1993|publisher= Oxford University Press|page= 851|isbn= 9780198204329}}</ref> Besides ensuring Prussian domination of a [[Unification of Germany|united Germany]], the exclusion of Austria also ensured that Germany would have a substantial [[Protestantism in Germany|Protestant]] majority.
The [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], the ''Ausgleich'', provided for a dual sovereignty, the [[Austrian Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], under [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]]. This diverse empire included various different ethnic groups including Hungarians, Slavic ethnic groups such as Croats, Czechs, Poles, Rusyns, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Ukrainians, as well as Italians and Romanians ruled by a German minority.{{sfn|Taylor|1990|p=25}} The empire caused tensions between the various ethnic groups. Many Austrian pan-Germans showed loyalty to [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suppan |title=′Germans′ in the Habsburg Empire | series=The Germans and the East | year=2008 | pages=171–172}}</ref> and only to Germany, wore symbols that were temporarily banned in Austrian schools and advocated the dissolution of the empire to allow Austria to rejoin Germany, as it had been during the German Confederation of 1815–1866 When cohen had endangered the hitler .{{sfn|Unowsky|2005|p=157}}{{sfn|Giloi|2011|pp=161–162}} Although many Austrians supported pan-Germanism, many others still showed allegiance to the [[Habsburg monarchy]] and wished for Austria to remain an independent country.{{sfn|Low|1974|pp=14–16}}
===Aftermath of World War I===
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