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The increase in collecting and assessing aggregate public and private information by China’s [[Police|police force]] to analyze past crime and forecast future criminal activity is part of the government’s mission to promote social stability by converting intelligence-led policing (i.e. effectively using information) into informatization (i.e. using information technologies) of policing.<ref name=":2" /> The increase in employment of big data through the police [[Geographic information system|geographical information system]] (PGIS) is within [[China|China’s]] promise to better coordinate information resources across departments and regions to transform analysis of past crime patterns and trends into automated prevention and suppression of crime.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Rixing |last2=Xu |first2=Yanqing |last3=Jiang |first3=Shanhe |date=2022-06-01 |title=Applications of GIS in Public Security Agencies in China |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-021-09360-5 |journal=Asian Journal of Criminology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=213–235 |doi=10.1007/s11417-021-09360-5 |s2cid=255163408 |issn=1871-014X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwarck |first=Edward |date=2018-07-01 |title=Intelligence and Informatization: The Rise of the Ministry of Public Security in Intelligence Work in China |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/697089 |journal=The China Journal |volume=80 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1086/697089 |s2cid=149764208 |issn=1324-9347}}</ref> PGIS was first introduced in 1970s and was originally used for internal government management and research institutions for city surveying and planning. Since the mid-1990s PGIS has been introduced into the Chinese public security industry to empower law enforcement by promoting police collaboration and resource sharing.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Jun |last2=Li |first2=Jing |last3=He |first3=Jianbang |last4=Li |first4=Zhilin |date=2002-01-01 |title=Development of geographic information systems (GIS) in China: An overview |url=https://research.polyu.edu.hk/en/publications/development-of-geographic-information-systems-gis-in-china-an-ove |journal=Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing |language=English |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=325–332 |issn=0099-1112}}</ref> The current applications of PGIS are still contained within the stages of public map services, [[Spatial query|spatial queries]], and [[Crime hotspots|hot spot]] mapping. Its application in crime trajectory analysis and prediction is still in the exploratory stage; however, the promotion of informatization of policing has encouraged cloud-based upgrades to PGIS design, fusion of multi-source [[Spacetime|spatiotemporal]] data, and developments to police spatiotemporal [[big data]] analysis and visualization.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Lili |last2=Xie |first2=Yuxiang |last3=Xidao |first3=Luan |last4=Zhang |first4=Xin |title=2018 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data (ICAIBD) |chapter=Multi-source heterogeneous data fusion |date=May 2018 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8396165 |pages=47–51 |doi=10.1109/ICAIBD.2018.8396165|isbn=978-1-5386-6987-7 |s2cid=49540273 }}</ref>
Although there is no nationwide police prediction program in China, local projects between 2015 and 2018 have also been undertaken in regions such as [[Zhejiang]], [[Guangdong]], [[Suzhou]], and [[Xinjiang]], that are either advertised as or are building blocks towards a predictive policing system.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-21 |title=法制日报--2014年10月09日--视点--"大数据"给公安警务改革带来了什么 |url=http://epaper.legaldaily.com.cn/fzrb/content/20141009/Articel04001GN.htm |access-date=2022-05-08 |website= |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041642/http://epaper.legaldaily.com.cn/fzrb/content/20141009/Articel04001GN.htm |archive-date=21 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Zhejiang and Guangdong had established prediction and prevention of [[Telecommunications|telecommunication]] fraud through the real-time collection and surveillance of suspicious online or telecommunication activities and the collaboration with private companies such as the [[Alibaba Group]] for the identification of potential suspects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=大数据背景下跨境电信网络诈骗犯罪的预警与反制——以冒充公检法诈骗为例 |url=http://lzlib.cglhub.com/auto/db/detail.aspx?db=950001&rid=17269154&agfi=0&cls=0&uni=True&cid=0&showgp=False&prec=False&md=265&pd=3&msd=265&psd=3&mdd=265&pdd=3&count=10&reds=%25C7%25F8%25D3%25F2%25D4%25A4%25BE%25AF |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=lzlib.cglhub.com |language=zh}}</ref> The predictive policing and crime prevention operation involves forewarning to specific victims, with 9,120 warning calls being made in 2018 by the [[Zhongshan]] police force along with direct interception of over 13,000 telephone calls and over 30,000 text messages in 2017.<ref name=":2" />
Substance-related crime is also investigated in Guangdong, specifically the [[Zhongshan]] police force who were the first city in 2017 to utilize wastewater analysis and data models that included water and electricity usage to locate hotspots for drug crime. This method led to the arrest of 341 suspects in 45 different criminal investigations by 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=中山市公安局：建"智慧公安"保中山平安_政务频道_中山网 |url=http://www.zsnews.cn/index.php/wz/index/view/cateid/41/id/30639.html |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.zsnews.cn |language=zh}}</ref>
In [[China]], Suzhou Police Bureau has adopted predictive policing since 2013. During 2015–2018, several cities in China have adopted predictive policing.<ref name="epaper.legaldaily.com.cn">{{cite news|url=http://epaper.legaldaily.com.cn/fzrb/content/20141009/Articel04001GN.htm|title="大数据"给公安警务改革带来了什么|language=zh-cn|date=2014-10-09|access-date=2015-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041642/http://epaper.legaldaily.com.cn/fzrb/content/20141009/Articel04001GN.htm|archive-date=2018-12-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> China has used predictive policing to identify and target people for sent to [[Xinjiang internment camps]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Exposed: China's Operating Manuals For Mass Internment And Arrest By Algorithm |newspaper=[[ICIJ]] |date=2019-11-24|url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/china-cables/exposed-chinas-operating-manuals-for-mass-internment-and-arrest-by-algorithm/|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Big data' predictions spur detentions in China's Xinjiang: Human Rights Watch |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=2018-02-26|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-xinjiang/big-data-predictions-spur-detentions-in-chinas-xinjiang-human-rights-watch-idUSKCN1GB0D9|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>
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