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The roots of the [[ASRAAM]] date back to 1968 when development began on the [[Hawker Siddeley]] [[SRAAM]] ("Taildog"). This project ended in 1974 with no production orders. This work was dusted off for the UK–German effort, with the Germans providing a new seeker, and the UK providing most of the remaining components.
After [[German reunification]] in 1990, Germany found itself with large stockpiles of the Soviet [[Vympel R-73]] missiles (NATO reporting name: ''AA-11 Archer'') carried by the [[MiG-29 Fulcrum]] and concluded that the AA-11's capabilities had been noticeably underestimated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Menon|first=KB|title=Evolution of the Air-To-Air Missiles: Options for the IAF|date=17 July 2012 |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/evolution-of-the-air-to-air-missiles-options-for-the-iaf/|access-date=11 June 2014}}</ref>
In 1987, after years of silence on the program, the US proposed a requirement that the weapon must use Sidewinder rails rather than the universal aircraft rail adaptor named the "missile support unit" that had been developed. This delayed the project by one year as the British, German and Norwegian proposals were redesigned. Fearing erosion of its industrial base, the US proposed it would choose the latest version of its existing Sidewinder design with increased manoeuvrability and IRCCM unless the European partners increased the US industrial workshare,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2022/11/advanced-short-range-air-to-air-missile-asraam/ | title=Advanced Short Range Air to Air Missile (ASRAAM) - Think Defence | date=5 November 2022 }}</ref> designated [[AIM-9X Sidewinder#AIM-9X|AIM-9X]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Tirpak|first=John|title=The Evolution of the Force|url=http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1996/July%201996/0796force.aspx|access-date=11 June 2014}}</ref> However, the Sidewinder upgrade proposal failed to interest NATO buyers and, in 1992, the missile development programme ultimately separated with the UK the ASRAAM, France the [[MBDA MICA]], US the AIM-9X and Germany electing to restart development on what became the IRIS-T.
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==Missile characteristics==
In comparison to the AIM-9M Sidewinder, the IRIS-T has higher [[Electronic countermeasure|ECM]] resistance and flare suppression.<ref>{{cite web|title= IRIS-T Guided Missile Family, Germany | publisher = Diehl |url= http://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/products/guided-missiles/iris-t-guided-missile-family/iris-t.html|access-date=11 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603073851/http://www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence/products/guided-missiles/iris-t-guided-missile-family/iris-t.html |archive-date=2018-06-03 |url-status= dead}}</ref> Improvements in target discrimination allow for five to eight times longer head-on firing range than the AIM-9M. It can engage targets behind the launching aircraft, made possible by extreme close-in agility, allowing turns of 60 ''g'' at a rate of 60°/s via thrust vectoring and [[Lock-on after launch|LOAL]] capability.<ref name=diehl /><ref>{{cite web|title= IRIS-T Air-to-Air Guided Missile, Germany | work = Air force technology |url= http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/iris-t-air-air-guided-missile-germany/|access-date=11 June 2014}}</ref
The IRIS-T is able to intercept fast-moving and miniature targets, such as air-to-air/surface-to-air missiles and air-to-surface/surface-to-surface missiles and rockets, UAV/drones, and cruise missiles. To improve the probability of a direct hit, the missile is equipped with an active radar proximity fuze.<ref name= diehl-brochure-2018>{{cite web|url= https://www.diehl.com/cms/files/Diehl_Defence_Brosch%C3%BCre2018_en.pdf|title= Living in a safe environment: Technology for peace and freedom| publisher =[[Diehl Defence]] |accessdate=6 July 2022}}</ref>
The IRIS-T has the unique ability, in comparison to other similar missiles such as the AIM-9X, to target and shoot down other air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles, thus offering a 360° defence capability.<ref name= diehl /><ref>{{cite web|title= IRIS-T European Short Range Air-to-air Missile | publisher = Diehl |url= http://www.diehl.com/fileadmin/diehl-defence/user_upload/flyer/IRIS-T_e_Eurofighter.pdf|access-date= 10 March 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130612054850/http://www.diehl.com/fileadmin/diehl-defence/user_upload/flyer/IRIS-T_e_Eurofighter.pdf |archive-date= 12 June 2013|url-status= dead}}</ref
The [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]] (RNoAF) has tested a new air-to-surface capability developed by Diehl BGT Defence for the IRIS-T. A proof of concept test firing to acquire, track, and engage a target representing a small fast attack boat was conducted in Norway in September 2016, where the IRIS-T missile was launched from an RNoAF F-16AM multirole aircraft. For the air-to-surface role, the missile retains the same standard IRIS-T AAM hardware configuration, including the HE warhead and IIR guidance package, with only an updated software insertion required to deliver the additional ground attack capability.<ref>{{cite web|title= Diehl develops air-to-surface capability for IRIS-T AAM |url= http://www.janes.com/article/66304/diehl-develops-air-to-surface-capability-for-iris-t-aam | work = Jane’s |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161216141501/http://www.janes.com/article/66304/diehl-develops-air-to-surface-capability-for-iris-t-aam |archive-date=2016-12-16 |url-status= dead}}</ref> This basic air-to-ground capability provides the ability to acquire, track and engage individual ground targets like boats, ships, small buildings and vehicles.<ref>{{cite web| publisher = Diehl | type = Press release | title = Royal Norwegian Air Force tested IRIS-T in air-to-ground mission|url= http://www.diehl.com/en/nc/diehl-defence/press/royal-norwegian-air-force-tested-iris-t-in-air-to-ground-mission.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161216115459/http://www.diehl.com/en/nc/diehl-defence/press/royal-norwegian-air-force-tested-iris-t-in-air-to-ground-mission.html |archive-date=2016-12-16 |url-status= dead}}</ref>
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The IRIS-T SLM can be integrated with a variety of electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) guidance systems and [[active electronically scanned array|AESA]] radars, such as [[Hensoldt]] [[TRML-4D]], Thales [[Ground Master 200 Multi Mission|Ground Master 200 MM/C]], CEA [[CEA Technologies|CEAFAR]], and [[Saab Giraffe]] 4A.<ref name="diehl-brochure-2018" /> A version with a [[Lockheed-Martin]] Skykeeper command and control station,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-gb/products/skykeeper.html | title=SkyKeeper | date=February 2022 }}</ref> Giraffe 4A radar and Diehl IRIS-T SLM launcher was shown at [[International Defence Exhibition|IDEX]] 2019 under the name Falcon Ground Based Air Defence.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/idex/2019/02/18/meet-the-falcon-a-new-short-range-air-defense-system/ | title=Meet the Falcon, a new short-range air defense system | date=18 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.edrmagazine.eu/idex-2019-lockheed-martin-diehl-and-saab-unveil-falcon-ground-based-air-defence-gbad-system | title=IDEX 2019: Lockheed Martin, Diehl and Saab unveil Falcon ground-based air defence (GBAD) system | date=20 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name="diehl-saab-lm">{{Cite web|url=https://www.diehl.com//defence/en/press-and-media/news/lockheed-martin-diehl-and-saab-unveil-collaboration-to-counter-emerging-short-and-medium-range-threats-with-falcon-weapon-system/|title=Lockheed Martin, Diehl and Saab Unveil Collaboration to Counter Emerging Short and Medium-Range Threats with Falcon Weapon System | Diehl Defence|first=Diehl Stiftung & Co|last=KG|website=www.diehl.com|date=18 February 2019 }}</ref>
Egypt ordered Diehl IRIS-T SLM launchers, Hensoldt TRML-4D radars, and fire and control stations equipped with [[Airbus Defence and Space|Airbus Defence]] Fortion IBMS<ref name="airbus-fortion-product">{{cite web | url=https://www.intelligence-airbusds.com/markets/defence/c2/air-c2/fortion-ibms/ | title=Fortion® IBMS | Integrated Battle Management Software }}</ref> integrated battle management software, all mounted on MAN 8×8 military trucks; the deal was approved by the German government in December 2021.<ref name="polygon-egypt-slm-2022">{{cite web | url=https://polygonjournal.com/2022/04/07/new-german-made-iris-t-slm-air-defense-missile-system-of-egypt-armed-forces/ | title=New German-made IRIS-T SLM air defense missile system of Egypt armed forces – Polygon Military Magazine }}</ref> Further orders includes Hensoldt {{ill|TwInvis|de}} [[passive radar]]s,<ref name="twinvis-stories">{{cite web | title=Twinvis Passive Radar | website=hensoldt.net| date=5 August 2019 | url=https://www.hensoldt.net/stories/twinvis-passive-radar | access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="twinvis-product">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hensoldt.net/products/radar-iff-and-datalink/twinvis-passive-radar/|title=Twinvis Passive Radar for Ground Based Air Defence | HENSOLDT|website=www.hensoldt.net}}</ref> IRIS-T SLS launchers and IRIS-T SLX long-range missiles.<ref name="hensoldt-diehl-gbad" /><ref name="defenseworld">{{cite web | url=https://www.defenseworld.net/2021/12/20/egypt-gets-its-own-iron-dome-air-defense-system.html | title=Egypt Gets its Own 'Iron Dome' Air Defense System | date=20 December 2021 }}</ref><ref name="military-africa">{{cite web | url=https://www.military.africa/2021/12/egypt-air-defence-strengthened-with-iris-t-slm-acquisition | title=Egypt Air defence strengthened with IRIS-T SLM acquisition * Military Africa | date=17 December 2021 }}</ref
The [[German Air Force]] is to receive its first IRIS-T SLM system in 2024 and five more by 2027. Also, mixed SLS/SLM systems are being planned.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ES&T Redaktion |date=2023-05-19 |title=Bundeswehr erhält nächstes Jahr erste Iris-T SLM |url=https://esut.de/2023/05/meldungen/42075/bundeswehr-erhaelt-naechstes-jahr-erste-iris-t-slm/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=esut.de |language=de-DE}}</ref>
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: 25<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2">{{cite news |title=South Africa Orders IRIS-T Missiles |work=Defense industry daily |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/South-Africa-Orders-IRIS-T-Missiles-04948/ |access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>
; {{BRA}}
: IRIS-T missiles for the new [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]] E/F variants.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" /><ref>{{cite news |date=15 September 2017 |title=Conheça as armas do caça Saab Gripen E/F da FAB |language=pt |website=Poder Aéreo |url=https://www.aereo.jor.br/2017/09/15/conheca-as-armas-do-caca-saab-gripen-ef-da-fab}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 December 2021 |title=FAB adquire os modernos mísseis ar-ar IRIS-T para o Gripen |url=https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/aviacao/fab-adquire-os-modernos-misseis-ar-ar-iris-t-para-o-gripen |work=Defesa aérea & naval}}</ref
; {{DEU}}
: 1,250 missiles in a first order.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" />
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: 350 IRIS-T missiles<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com2" />
; {{ITA}}
: 444 IRIS-T missiles
; {{SAU}}
: 1,400 IRIS-T missiles<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade Registers |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |access-date=19 April 2014 |publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org}}</ref>
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; {{EST}}
: In May 2023, the Latvian and Estonian governments announced their decision to jointly procure the IRIS-T SLM systems, with deliveries expected in 2025.<ref name="washingtonpost.com2">{{cite news |date=21 May 2023 |title=Estonia, Latvia plan joint purchase of German medium-range IRIS-T air defense systems |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/05/21/estonia-latvia-germany-air-defense-iris-t/5356ffa4-f7d4-11ed-bafc-bf50205661da_story.html |access-date=21 May 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref
;{{DEU}}
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