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| pages = 150–158
| doi = 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.01.019
| bibcode = 2014EcoEc.100..150S
| hdl = 10419/76875
| s2cid = 41888814
| url = http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/34620
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{{See also|Surface power density}}
In March 2019, Chancellor Merkel formed a "climate cabinet" to find a consensus on new emissions reduction measures to meet 2030 targets. The result was the Climate Action Program 2030, which Berlin adopted on 9 October 2019.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/germany-2020|title=Germany 2020 – Analysis|website=IEA|date=19 February 2020 |language=en-GB|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> The Program contains plans for a carbon pricing system for the heating and transportation sectors, which are not covered by the EU ETS. It includes tax and other incentives to encourage energy-efficient building renovations, higher [[Electric vehicle|EV]] subsidies, and more public transport investments. The IEA report concludes that "[t]he package represents a clear step in the right direction towards Germany meeting its 2030 targets."<ref name=":2" /> The [[Commission on Growth, Structural Change and Employment|German Coal Commission]], composed of 28 industrial, environmental, and regional organizations, voted on the coal phase-out date. 27 members voted in favor of the 2038 coal phase-out date, with only one regional organization from [[Lusatia]] voting against, and [[Greenpeace]] voting in favor and later releasing a non-binding "dissenting opinion".<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 January 2019|title=German commission proposes coal exit by 2038|url=https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/german-commission-proposes-coal-exit-2038|access-date=21 January 2022|website=Clean Energy Wire|language=en}}</ref>
As result of phasing out nuclear power and, in long term, coal, Germany declared increased reliance on [[fossil gas]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Speech by Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel at the 49th World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos on 23 January 2019|url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/speech-by-federal-chancellor-angela-merkel-at-the-49th-world-economic-forum-annual-meeting-in-davos-on-23-january-2019-1574188|website=Home Page|language=en|access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>
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In 2023, the Government declared its plans to remove a key clause from the law that binds all ministries to reduce carbon emissions within their area of responsibility. The binding target will be the overall 2030 emissions reduction target. The largest {{CO2}} emissions source in Germany is its electricity production, and in that sector, emissions have been growing since 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How fast is Germany cutting its greenhouse gas emissions? – DW – 07/10/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-greenhouse-gas-emissions-progress/a-66082833 |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2020 annual average {{CO2}} intensity of German electricity production was 399 gCO2eq/kWh and in 2022, it was 486 gCO2eq/kWh. Between the same years the share of coal in electricity production increased from 24.1% to 33%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live 24/7 CO₂ emissions of electricity consumption |url=http://electricitymap.tmrow.co/ |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=electricitymap.tmrow.co |language=en}}</ref>
In 2023 Energy Economics Institute (EWI) warned that around 50 new fossil gas powered plants need to be built to "compensate for the weather-dependent production of wind and solar power" with the overall cost reaching €60 billion. The budget is not secured by the Government nor available from the electricity sales.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2024 |title=Habeck braucht Geld für Kraftwerke: Die nächsten 60 Milliarden fehlen - WELT |url=https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/plus249357496/Habeck-braucht-Geld-fuer-Kraftwerke-Die-naechsten-60-Milliarden-fehlen.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=DIE WELT |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Übergang zu erneuerbaren Energien: Deutschland braucht 60 Milliarden Euro für Reservekraftwerke |url=https://www.merkur.de/wirtschaft/uebergang-zu-erneuerbaren-energien-energiewende-deutschland-braucht-60-milliarden-reservekraftwerke-zr-92757679.html |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=www.merkur.de |language=de}}</ref> To move away from coal, in February 2024, the Federal Government agreed to subsidize 10 GW of [[Hydrogen economy|hydrogen-ready]] gas plants. In the first years{{Clarify|date=May 2024}}, the plants will use fossil gas and are expected to be switched over to hydrogen between 2035 to 2040.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |orig-date=February 2024
In March 2024, Federal Audit Office published a report in which it assessed the policy as not meeting goals on a number of points: the planned 80% share of renewable energy requires [[Dispatchable generation|dispatchable sources]] but the assumed 10 GW in fossil gas generation is neither sufficient nor on schedule; extension of electric grid is behind the schedule by {{Convert|6000|km|mi|abbr=on}} and 7 years; security of the supply chain is not sufficiently assessed; system costs to ensure 24/7 generation are underestimated and based on "best-case" scenarios; capacity installed in renewables is behind the schedule by 30%, whereas demand is expected to grow by 30% as result of electrification of heating and transport.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=Bericht nach § 99 BHO zur Umsetzung der Energiewende im Hinblick auf die Versorgungssicherheit, Bezahlbarkeit und Umweltverträglichkeit der Stromversorgung |url=https://www.bundesrechnungshof.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Berichte/2024/energiewende-volltext.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 |website=Bundesrechnungshof}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Court of Auditors considers power supply jeopardised - energate messenger.com |url=https://www.energate-messenger.com/news/242052/court-of-auditors-considers-power-supply-jeopardised |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=www.energate-messenger.com |language=en}}</ref>
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German association of local utilities VKU said "the strategy creates significant risks to the stability of power supply in case of 'lengthy periods' of weather unsuitable for wind and solar generation since energy storage in Germany is 'largely non-existent{{' "}}.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 July 2019|title=Does renewables pioneer Germany risk running out of power?|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-power-supply-insight-idUSKCN1UD0GZ|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>
After introduction of the original [[German Renewable Energy Act|Renewable Energy Act]] in 2000, there was a focus on long term costs, while in later years this has shifted to a focus on short term costs and the "financial burden" of the ''Energiewende'' while ignoring environmental externalities of fossil fuels.<ref name="lauber-and-jacobsson-2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lauber|first1=Volkmar|last2=Jacobsson|first2=Staffan|year=2016|title=The politics and economics of constructing, contesting and restricting socio-political space for renewables – The German Renewable Energy Act|journal=Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions|volume=18|pages=147–163|doi=10.1016/j.eist.2015.06.005|bibcode=2016EIST...18..147L }}</ref> Electricity prices for household customers in Germany have been generally increasing in the last decade.{{Clarify|date=May 2024}}<ref name="bmwi-2015-b" /> The renewable energy levy to finance green power investment is added to Germans' electricity unit price. The surcharge (22.1% in 2016) pays the state-guaranteed price for renewable energy to producers and is 6.35 cents per kWh in 2016.<ref name="rueter-2015">
{{cite news|date=May 2016|title=Components of the German electricity price|url=https://1-stromvergleich.com/electricity-prices-europe/#germany|access-date=15 August 2016}}
</ref>
A comprehensive study, published in ''Energy Policy'' in 2013, reported that Germany's [[nuclear power phase-out]], to be complete by 2022, is contradictory to the goal of the climate portion of the program.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bruninx|first1=Kenneth|last2=Madzharov|first2=Darin|last3=Delarue|first3=Erik|last4=D'haeseleer|first4=William|year=2013|title=Impact of the German nuclear phase-out on Europe's electricity generation — a comprehensive study|url=https://www.mech.kuleuven.be/en/tme/research/energy_environment/Pdf/wpen2012-1|journal=Energy Policy|volume=60|pages=251–261|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.026|bibcode=2013EnPol..60..251B |access-date=12 May 2016}}</ref>
In June 2019, an open letter to "the leadership and people of Germany", written by almost 100 Polish environmentalists and scientist, urged Germany to "reconsider the decision on the final decommissioning of fully functional nuclear power plants" for the benefit of the fight against global warming.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polish academics urge end to Germany's nuclear phaseout – World Nuclear News|url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Polish-academics-urge-end-to-Germany-s-nuclear-pha|access-date=27 June 2019|website=www.world-nuclear-news.org}}</ref>
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| pages = 1003–1018
| doi = 10.1016/j.rser.2013.09.012
| bibcode = 2014RSERv..30.1003H
}}
</ref> this 2015 [[Fraunhofer ISE]] study investigates several system transformation scenarios and their related costs.<ref name="henning-and-palzer-2015">
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