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=== Etymology ===
[[File:Le libertaire 25.png|thumb|upright=0.9|17 August 1860 edition of ''[[Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social]]'', a libertarian communist publication in New York City]]
The first recorded use of the term ''libertarian'' was in 1789, when [[William Belsham]] wrote about [[Libertarianism (metaphysics)|libertarianism]] in the context of metaphysics.<ref>{{cite book|author=William Belsham|title=Essays|publisher=C. Dilly|year=1789|postscript=Original from the University of Michigan, digitized 21 May 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6Y0AAAAMAAJ&q=William+Belsham+libertarian&pg=PA11|page=11|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411095920/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6Y0AAAAMAAJ&q=William+Belsham+libertarian&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref> As early as 1796, ''libertarian'' came to mean an advocate or defender of liberty, especially in the political and social spheres, when the London Packet printed on 12 February the following: "Lately marched out of the Prison at Bristol, 450 of the French Libertarians".<ref>OED November 2010 edition</ref> It was again used in a political sense in 1802 in a short piece critiquing a poem by "the author of Gebir" and has since been used with this meaning.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120802021008/http://archive.mises.org/18385/the-origin-of-libertarianism ''The British Critic'']. p. 432. "The author's Latin verses, which are rather more intelligible than his English, mark him for a furious Libertarian (if we may coin such a term) and a zealous admirer of France, and her liberty, under Bonaparte; such liberty!"</ref><ref>[[John Robert Seeley|Seeley, John Robert]] (1878). ''Life and Times of Stein: Or Germany and Prussia in the Napoleonic Age''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3: 355.</ref><ref>[[Frederick William Maitland|Maitland, Frederick William]] (July 1901). "William Stubbs, Bishop of Oxford". ''[[English Historical Review]]''. 16[.3]: 419.</ref>
The use of the term ''libertarian'' to describe a new set of political positions has been traced to the French cognate ''libertaire'', coined in a letter French [[libertarian communist]] [[Joseph Déjacque]] wrote to [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualist]] [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] in 1857.<ref>Marshall, Peter (2009). ''Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism''. p. 641. "The word 'libertarian' has long been associated with anarchism, and has been used repeatedly throughout this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a 'libertarian', but a 'necessitarian'. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general. In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal ''Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social'' published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word, to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists".</ref> Déjacque also used the term for his [[List of anarchist periodicals|anarchist publication]] ''[[Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social]]'' (''Libertarian: Journal of Social Movement'') which was printed from 9 June 1858 to 4 February 1861 in New York City.<ref>[[George Woodcock|Woodcock, George]] (1962). ''Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements''. Meridian Books. p. 280. "He called himself a "social poet," and published two volumes of heavily didactic verse—Lazaréennes and Les Pyrénées Nivelées. In New York, from 1858 to 1861, he edited an anarchist paper entitled ''Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social'', in whose pages he printed as a serial his vision of the anarchist Utopia, entitled L'Humanisphére."</ref> [[Sébastien Faure]], another French libertarian communist, began publishing a new ''Le Libertaire'' in the mid-1890s while France's [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] enacted the so-called villainous laws (''[[lois scélérates]]'') which banned anarchist publications in France. ''Libertarianism'' has frequently been used to refer to [[anarchism]] and [[libertarian socialism]] since this time.<ref name="Nettlau">{{cite book|title=A Short History of Anarchism|last=Nettlau|first=Max|author-link=Max Nettlau|year=1996|publisher=Freedom Press|isbn=978-0900384899|location=London|page=162|oclc=37529250}}</ref><ref name="Ward">Ward, Colin (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=kksrWshoIkYC ''Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113191632/https://books.google.com/books?id=kksrWshoIkYC |date=13 January 2016 }}. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 62. "For a century, anarchists have used the word 'libertarian' as a synonym for 'anarchist', both as a noun and an adjective. The celebrated anarchist journal ''Le Libertaire'' was founded in 1896. However, much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free-market philosophers [...]."</ref><ref name="Chomsky 2002">{{cite web|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|title=The Week Online Interviews Chomsky|url=http://www.znetwork.org/zspace/commentaries/1137|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113110804/http://www.znetwork.org/zspace/commentaries/1137|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2013|work=Z Magazine|publisher=[[Z Communications]]|access-date=21 November 2011|author-link=Noam Chomsky|date=23 February 2002|quote=The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world. Historically, the libertarian movement has been the anti-statist wing of the socialist movement. Socialist anarchism was libertarian socialism.}}</ref>
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