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{{further|List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest}}
{{ESC 1990 participants}}
The same twenty-two countries which had participated in 1989 returned for the 1990 contest; this marked the first time since {{escyr|1972}} that no changes to the composition of the competing countries were made compared to the previous event.<ref name="ESC1990" /
Among the competing artists in this year's event was [[Ketil Stokkan]] who was representing {{esccnty|Norway}} for the second time, having previously represented the country at the {{escyr|1986||1986 contest}}.
Many of the competing songs made reference to the changing political and social landscape across the [[Continental Europe|European continent]] following [[Revolutions of 1989|revolutions in Central and Eastern European countries in 1989]] and spoke of the future of the European continent. The {{esccnty|Finland|y=1990|t=Finnish}} and {{esccnty|Germany|y=1990|t=German}} entries referenced the increasing freedoms experienced by citizens in countries formerly under repressive regimes, the {{esccnty|Austria|y=1990|t=Austrian}} and {{esccnty|Norway|y=1990|t=Norwegian}} entries harked back to the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]] six months prior and the opening of frontiers along the [[Iron Curtain]] between east and west Europe, while the {{esccnty|Italy|y=1990|t=Italian entry}} made reference to the planned signing of the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992 which would form the [[European Union]] and lead to greater [[European integration]]. Other social and political messages were also present among the competing entries, including a message for racial harmony from {{esccnty|France|y=1990}}, an ode to the environment from the {{esccnty|United Kingdom|y=1990}}, and {{esccnty|Belgium|y=1990}}'s [[Philippe Lafontaine]] presenting a love song for his [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]] wife.<ref name="#EurovisionAgain" />
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header"
|-
|+ Participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 1990
|-
! scope="col" | Country
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== Production ==
[[File:Helga Vlahovic (1969).jpg|thumb|right|[[Helga Vlahović]] ''(pictured in 1969)'' was one of the presenters of the contest.]]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1990 was produced by the Yugoslav public broadcaster {{lang|sh|[[Croatian Radiotelevision|Radiotelevizija Zagreb]]|i=unset}} (RTV Zagreb) on behalf of {{lang|sh|[[Yugoslav Radio Television|Jugoslavenska radiotelevizija]]|i=unset}} (JRT).<ref name="Zagreb">{{Cite web |date=20 July 1989 |title='Pjesma Eurovizije' u Zagrebu |trans-title=The Eurovision Song Contest in Zagreb |url=https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?pv_page_id=228277 |access-date=3 December 2023 |publisher=[[Slobodna Dalmacija]] |page=2 |language=sh |location=[[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|SR Croatia]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203153136/https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?pv_page_id=228277 |url-status=live }}</ref> Goran Radman served as executive producer, [[Nenad Puhovski]] served as director, Zvjezdana Kvočić served as designer, Seadeta Midžić served as musical director, and [[Igor Kuljerić]] served as conductor leading an assembled orchestra, with assistance from {{ill|Stanko Selak|hr}}.<ref name="ESC1990" /
Following the confirmation of the twenty-two competing countries, the draw to determine the running order of the contest was held on 10 November 1989.
Rehearsals for the participating artists began on 30 April 1990. Two technical rehearsals were conducted for each participating delegation in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals, comprising 15 minutes for stage set-up and 35 minutes for performances, were held on 30 April and 1 May. Following these rehearsals each delegation was provided an opportunity to watch back recordings of their performances and engage in a press conference. Each country's second rehearsals were held on 2 and 3 May and lasted 35 minutes total, followed by another viewing session and press conference. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two held in the afternoon and evening of 4 May and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 5 May. An audience was present during the two dress rehearsals held on 4 May; the final dress rehearsal on 5 May was also recorded for use as a production standby for use should broadcast of the live event became impossible.
During the week of rehearsals, problems arose regarding the choice of presenters for the event. [[Oliver Mlakar]] and [[Helga Vlahović]] had been selected to host the contest, officially announced publicly in March 1990, however a second couple, [[Rene Medvešek]] and {{ill|Dubravka Marković|sh}}, had also been chosen as a reserve hosting pair.
For the first time in its history the contest featured an official [[mascot]], "Eurocat", an animated [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] cat created by the [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Croatian]] illustrator [[Joško Marušić]].<ref name="#EurovisionAgain" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 1990 |title=Silvije Hum – Trema ne, uzbuđenje da! |trans-title=Silvije Hum – No trepidation, only excitement! |url=https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?pv_page_id=184406 |access-date=3 December 2023 |publisher=[[Slobodna Dalmacija]] |language=sh |location=[[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|SR Croatia]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203152657/https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?pv_page_id=184406 |url-status=live }}</ref> Eurocat featured within the video postcards which served as an introduction to each country's entry, as well as providing an opportunity for transition between entries and allow stage crew to make changes on stage.<ref name="#EurovisionAgain" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Egan |first1=John |title=All Kinds of Everything: a history of Eurovision Postcards |url=https://escinsight.com/2015/05/22/all-kinds-of-everything-a-history-of-eurovision-postcards/ |publisher=ESC Insight |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524073150/http://www.escinsight.com/2015/05/22/all-kinds-of-everything-a-history-of-eurovision-postcards/ |archive-date=24 May 2015 |date=22 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kurris |first1=Denis |title=Eurovision 2022: The theme of this year's Eurovision postcards |url=https://www.esc-plus.com/eurovision-2022-the-theme-of-this-years-eurovision-postcards/ |publisher=ESC Plus |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501103821/https://www.esc-plus.com/eurovision-2022-the-theme-of-this-years-eurovision-postcards/ |archive-date=1 May 2022 |date=1 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The postcards for the 1990 contest centered around the theme of [[tourism]], in conjunction with 1990 being the [[European Years|European Year of Tourism]]; each participating country commissioned their own postcard to highlight their country as a tourist destination, with Eurocat introducing these clips while highlighting cultural [[stereotype]]s associated with the competing countries.<ref name="#EurovisionAgain" />
With the advent of [[music video]]s during the 1980s, the television production of the contest also adapted to new aesthetics as it entered the 1990s; in contrast to previous editions, the 1990 contest saw an increased use of dynamic camera direction, with footage captured from cameras moving to and around the stage during the performances and showing angles that could not be seen by spectators in the auditorium.
== Format ==
Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented.<ref name="HowItWorks">{{cite web |title=How it works – Eurovision Song Contest |date=18 May 2019 |url=https://eurovision.tv/about/how-it-works |publisher=European Broadcasting Union |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531032850/https://eurovision.tv/about/how-it-works |archive-date=31 May 2022 |language=en-gb |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ESC1999">{{cite web |title=Jerusalem 1999 – Eurovision Song Contest |url=https://eurovision.tv/event/jerusalem-1999 |publisher=European Broadcasting Union |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621202249/https://eurovision.tv/event/jerusalem-1999 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |quote="For the first time since the 1970s participants were free to choose which language they performed in." |url-status=live}}</ref> A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance.<ref name="HowItWorks" /><ref name="Rules">{{cite web |title=The Rules of the Contest |date=31 October 2018 |url=https://eurovision.tv/about/rules |publisher=European Broadcasting Union |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004011300/https://eurovision.tv/about/rules |archive-date=4 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only [[backing track]]s, however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being [[Miming in instrumental performance|mimed by the performers]].<ref name="Rules" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Escudero |first1=Victor M. |title=#EurovisionAgain travels back to Dublin 1997 |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovisionagain-dublin-1997 |publisher=European Broadcasting Union |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523190024/https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovisionagain-dublin-1997 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |date=18 April 2020 |url-status=live |quote="The orchestra also saw their days numbered as, from 1997, full backing tracks were allowed without restriction, meaning that the songs could be accompanied by pre-recorded music instead of the live orchestra."}}</ref> The 1990 contest was the first to implement restrictions on the age of the performers, following criticism of the young age of the {{esccnty|Israel|t=Israeli}} and {{esccnty|France|t=French}} entrants in the previous year's contest, 12-year-old {{ill|Gili Netanel|he|גילי נתנאל}} and 11-year-old [[Nathalie Pâque]] respectively. For the 1990 event performers were required to be at least 16 years old in the year they competed in the event; although the United Kingdom had selected 15-year-old [[Emma (Welsh singer)|Emma]] as their representative, as she turned 16 later in the year she was still eligible to compete.<ref name="#EurovisionAgain" /><ref name="ESC1990" /> The introduction of this rule, which remains in effect {{as of|2023|lc=y}} but which now specifies that the contestant must be 16 years old on the day of the contest final, means that [[Sandra Kim]], who won the contest in 1986 for {{esccnty|Belgium}} at the age of 13, will hold the record of the youngest ever Eurovision winner in perpetuity, barring any further changes to the rule.<ref name="Rules" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of the 1980s - What happened to them? |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/winners-of-the-1980s-what-happened-to-them |publisher=European Broadcasting Union |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307092249/https://eurovision.tv/story/winners-of-the-1980s-what-happened-to-them |archive-date=7 March 2018 |date=14 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The results of the 1990 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in {{escyr|1975}}: each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry.<ref name="nutshell">{{cite web |title=In a Nutshell – Eurovision Song Contest |url=https://eurovision.tv/history/in-a-nutshell |publisher=European Broadcasting Union |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626052301/https://eurovision.tv/history/in-a-nutshell |archive-date=26 June 2022 |date=31 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, who were all required to be members of the public with no connection to the music industry, split evenly between men and women and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing.
== Contest overview<span class="anchor" id="Results"></span><span class="anchor" id="Participants and results"></span> ==
<!-- Anchors in the header are the old section names -->
[[File:Toto Cutugno Festival di Sanremo 1980.jpg|thumb|right|[[Toto Cutugno]] ''(pictured in 1980)'' won the contest for {{esccnty|Italy}}, their second victory in the event.]]
The contest took place on 5 May 1990 at 21:00 ([[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]) with a duration of 2 hours and 47 minutes and was presented by [[Oliver Mlakar]] and [[Helga Vlahović]].<ref name="ESC1990">{{cite web |title=Zagreb 1990 – Eurovision Song Contest |url=https://eurovision.tv/event/zagreb-1990 |publisher=European Broadcasting Union |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015182304/https://eurovision.tv/event/zagreb-1990 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref
The contest was opened with a pre-recorded film entitled ''Zagreb: City of Music'', which showcased various locations in Zagreb and featured performances of various musical styles and genres. Another pre-recorded film featured during the interval between the competing entries and the voting sequence; entitled ''Yugoslav Changes'', which highlighted the various cultures, landscapes, cuisines and industries within Yugoslavia.<ref name="#EurovisionAgain" />
The contest's first entry suffered from a technical incident. The conductor of the Spanish entry was unable to hear the backing track, as the sound engineers had failed to raise the volume of the tape, and could not cue the orchestra to commence on time. When the volume was eventually raised the track was already partway through the song, meaning the orchestra and performers were out of sync with the tape, resulting in the two Salazar sisters of [[Azúcar Moreno]] leaving the stage as the backing tape continued to play. The tape was ultimately reset and the performance restarted with no further issues.<ref name="#EurovisionAgain" /
The winner was {{esccnty|Italy|y=1990}} represented by the song "[[Insieme: 1992|<span lang="it">Insieme</span>: 1992]]", written and performed by [[Toto Cutugno]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Toto Cutugno – Italy – Zagreb 1990 |url=https://eurovision.tv/participant/toto-cutugno |publisher=European Broadcasting Union |access-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823145448/https://eurovision.tv/participant/toto-cutugno |archive-date=23 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was Italy's second win in the contest, following their first victory in {{escyr|1964}}.<ref name="#EurovisionAgain" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Italy – Participation history |url=https://eurovision.tv/country/italy |publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]] |access-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605123838/https://eurovision.tv/country/italy |archive-date=5 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> At 46 years old Cutugno became the oldest Eurovision winner at that point.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amin |first1=Meghna |title=Eurovision winner Toto Cutugno dies aged 80 |url=https://metro.co.uk/2023/08/23/toto-cutugno-dead-80-italian-eurovision-song-contest-19382103/ |publisher=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |access-date=3 December 2023 |date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203205436/https://metro.co.uk/2023/08/23/toto-cutugno-dead-80-italian-eurovision-song-contest-19382103/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering 3 Times Italy Won Big at Eurovision |url=https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/remembering-3-times-italy-won-big-eurovision |publisher=Italy Magazine |access-date=11 March 2024 |date=5 October 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311095220/https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/remembering-3-times-italy-won-big-eurovision |url-status=live }}</ref> {{esccnty|France}} achieved their first top 5 placing since {{escyr|1981}}, placing equal second with {{esccnty|Ireland}}, while {{esccnty|Iceland}}'s fourth place finish was the country's best ever result to that point.<ref name="#EurovisionAgain" /><ref>{{cite web |title=France – Participation history |url=https://eurovision.tv/country/france |publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]] |access-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605123913/https://eurovision.tv/country/france |archive-date=5 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{esccnty|Spain}} also achieved their best finish since {{escyr|1984}}, placing fifth.<ref name="#EurovisionAgain" /> The 1990 contest marks the last time that the future "[[Big Five (Eurovision)|Big Five]]" countries all placed within the top 10: alongside Italy's first place, France's equal second place and Spain's fifth place finished, the {{esccnty|United Kingdom}} placed sixth and {{esccnty|Germany}} placed ninth.<ref name="#EurovisionAgain" />
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{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
|+ Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1990
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|R/O|Running order}}
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* {{flagu|Ireland}}{{snd}}[[Eileen Dunne]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Loughlin |first1=Mikie |title=RTE Eileen Dunne's marriage to soap star Macdara O'Fatharta, their wedding day and grown up son Cormac |url=https://www.rsvplive.ie/news/celebs/rte-eileen-dunnes-marriage-soap-24277308 |work=RSVP Live |publisher=[[Reach plc]] |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608223329/https://www.rsvplive.ie/news/celebs/rte-eileen-dunnes-marriage-soap-24277308 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |date=8 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Sweden}}{{snd}}{{ill|Jan Ellerås|sv}}{{sfn|Thorsson|Verhage|2006|pp=214–215}}
* {{flagu|Sweden}}{{snd}}{{ill|Jan Ellerås|sv}}<ref name="Melfest">{{cite book |last1=Thorsson |first1=Leif |last2=Verhage |first2=Martin |title=Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna |trans-title=Melodifestivalen through the ages: the Swedish selections and international finals |date=2006 |publisher=Premium Publishing |location=Stockholm, Sweden |isbn=91-89136-29-2 |language=sv |pages=214–215}}</ref>▼
* {{flagu|United Kingdom}}{{snd}}[[Colin Berry]]
== Detailed voting results<span class="anchor" id="Scoreboard"></span> ==
<!-- Anchor in the header is the old section name -->
Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
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| [[RTÉ One|RTÉ 1]]
| [[Jimmy Greeley]] and [[Clíona Ní Bhuachalla]]
|
|-
| [[RTÉ Radio 1]]
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| [[SVT2|TV2]]
| {{ill|Jan Jingryd|sv|Janne Jingryd}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| {{ill|Sveriges Riksradio|sv|lt=RR}}
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==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{
===References===
{{Reflist|2}}
===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Knox |first1=David Blake |title=Ireland and the Eurovision: The Winners, the Losers and the Turkey |date=2015 |publisher=[[New Island Books]] |location=[[Stillorgan]], Dublin, Ireland |isbn=978-1-84840-429-8}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Connor |first=John Kennedy |author-link=John Kennedy O'Connor |title=The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History |date=2010 |publisher=[[Carlton Publishing Group|Carlton Books]] |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84732-521-1 |edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pajala |first=Mari |title=The Eurovision Song Contest as a cultural phenomenon : from concert halls to the halls of academia |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-03-203774-5 |editor-last=Dubin |editor-first=Adam |location=London, United Kingdom |chapter=The Eurovision Song Contest and European television history: continuity, adaption, experimentation |doi=10.4324/9781003188933-16 |oclc=1296690839 |editor-last2=Vuletic |editor-first2=Dean |editor-last3=Obregón |editor-first3=Antonio}}
* {{cite book |last=Roxburgh |first=Gordon |title=Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest |date=2016 |publisher=Telos Publishing |location=[[Prestatyn]], United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84583-163-9 |volume=Three: The 1980s}}
* {{cite book |last=Roxburgh |first=Gordon |title=Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest |date=2020 |publisher=Telos Publishing |location=Prestatyn, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84583-163-9 |volume=Four: The 1990s}}
▲*
* {{cite book |author-link=Chris West |last1=West |first1=Chris |title=Eurovision! A History of Modern Europe Through the World's Greatest Song Contest |date=2020 |publisher=[[Melville House Publishing|Melville House UK]] |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-911545-55-2 |edition=2nd}}
==External links==
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