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Compact Disc Digital Audio: Difference between revisions

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The [[optophone]], first presented in 1931, was an early device that used light for both recording and playback of sound signals on a [[Negative (photography)|transparent photograph]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/forumdata/users/5100/Funkschau_4Jg_0131_1v1_v20.pdf|title=Das Photo als Schalplatte|language=de|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404173739/https://www.radiomuseum.org/forumdata/users/5100/Funkschau_4Jg_0131_1v1_v20.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> More than thirty years later, American inventor [[James Russell (inventor)|James T. Russell]] has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital media on a photosensitive plate. Russell's patent application was filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970.<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=3,501,586 |title=Analog to digital to optical photographic recording and playback system |pubdate=1970-03-17 |fdate=1966-09-01}}</ref> Following litigation, [[Sony]] and [[Philips]] licensed Russell's patents for recording in 1988.<ref>{{cite press release |date=2000 |publisher=Reed College public affairs office |title=Inventor and physicist James Russell '53 will receive Vollum Award at Reed's convocation |access-date=24 July 2014 |url=https://reed.edu/news_center/press_releases/2000-2001/288.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009170700/https://www.reed.edu/news_center/press_releases/2000-2001/288.html |archive-date=9 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html |title=Inventor of the Week – James T. Russell – The Compact Disc |date=December 1999 |publisher=[[MIT]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417162935/https://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html |archive-date=17 April 2003 }}</ref> It is debatable whether Russell's concepts, patents, and prototypes instigated and in some measure influenced the compact disc's design.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=https://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2002103322_cdman29.html |author=Brier Dudley |title=Scientist's invention was let go for a song |date=29 November 2004 |access-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810225444/https://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2002103322_cdman29.html |archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>
 
The compact disc is an evolution of [[LaserDisc]] technology,{{r|Immink}} where a focused [[laser]] beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Unlike the prior art by Optophonie and James Russell, the information on the disc is read from a reflective layer using a laser as a light source through a protective substrate. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of the CD|url=httpshttp://www.philips.com/a-w/research/technologies/cd/beginning.html|publisher=Philips Research|access-date=7 June 2014}}{{dead|archive-date=23 May link2016|fixurl-attemptedstatus=yesdead|datearchive-url=Marchhttps://archive.today/20160523091404/http://www.philips.com/a-w/research/technologies/cd/beginning.html 2023}}</ref> Although originally dismissed by [[Philips Research]] management as a trivial pursuit,<ref name="Immink2" /> the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the [[LaserDisc]] format struggled.<ref name="AndItsEnd">{{Cite journal|last=Straw|first=Will|date=2009|title=The Music CD and Its Ends|journal=Design and Culture|volume=1|issue=1|pages=79–91|doi=10.2752/175470709787375751|s2cid=191574354}}</ref> In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the ''[[Rainbow Books|Red Book]]'' CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spin.com/1985/05/compact-discs-sound-of-the-future/|title=Compact Discs: Sound of the Future|first=Edward|last=Rasen|work=Spin|date=May 1985|access-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216064105/https://www.spin.com/1985/05/compact-discs-sound-of-the-future/|archive-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> By 1988, CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=CD Unit Sales Pass Cassettes, Majors Say|last=Billboard|date=March 1992|magazine=Billboard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Have Compact Disks Become Too Much of a Good Thing?|last=Kozinn|first=Allan|date=December 1988|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, which together agreed upon and developed compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8|title=Introducing the amazing Compact Disc (1982)|date=10 June 2015|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=9 January 2016|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123170700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref>
 
=== Digital audio laser-disc prototypes ===
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