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Operationally, the station is divided into two sections: the [[Russian Orbital Segment]] (ROS) assembled by Roscosmos, and the [[US Orbital Segment]], assembled by NASA, JAXA, ESA and CSA. A striking feature of the ISS is the [[Integrated Truss Structure]], which connects the large [[solar panel]]s and [[Spacecraft thermal control|radiators]] to the pressurized modules. The pressurized modules are specialized for research, habitation, storage, spacecraft control, and [[airlock]] functions. Visiting spacecraft dock at the station via its eight [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|docking and berthing ports]]. The ISS maintains an orbit with an average altitude of {{convert|400|km}}<ref>{{cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title=NASA – Higher Altitude Improves Station's Fuel Economy |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition26/iss_altitude.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225215323/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition26/iss_altitude.html |archive-date=25 December 2021 |access-date=29 May 2019 |website=nasa.gov}}</ref> and circles the Earth in roughly 93 minutes, completing {{Orbit|daily orbits|15.5}} orbits per day.<ref name="tracking2">{{Cite web |date=15 December 2008 |title=Current ISS Tracking data |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/tracking/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225022741/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/tracking/index.html |archive-date=25 December 2015 |access-date=28 January 2009 |publisher=[[NASA]]}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
The [[International Space Station programme|ISS programme]] combines two prior plans to construct crewed Earth-orbiting stations: [[Space Station Freedom|Space Station ''Freedom'']] planned by the United States, and the'' [[Mir-2]]'' station, planned by the Soviet Union. The [[Zarya (ISS module)|first ISS module]] was launched in 1998. Major modules have been launched by [[Proton (rocket family)|Proton]] and [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]] rockets and by the [[Space Shuttle]] launch system. The first long-term residents, [[Expedition 1]], arrived on November 2, 2000. Since then, the station has been continuously occupied for {{age in years and days|2 November 2000|sep=and}}, the longest continuous human presence in space. {{As of|2024|03}}, 279 individuals from 22 countries have visited the space station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Visitors by Country
== History ==
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====''Zvezda''====
{{Main|Zvezda (ISS module)}}
''Zvezda'' ({{lang-ru|Звезда|links=no}}, meaning "star"), [[Salyut program|''Salyut'' DOS-8]], is also known as the ''Zvezda'' Service Module. It was the third module launched to the station, and provides all of the station's [[life support system]]s, some of which are supplemented in the USOS, as well as living quarters for two crew members. It is the structural and functional center of the [[Russian Orbital Segment]], which is the Russian part of the ISS. Crew assemble here to deal with emergencies on the station.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doN4t5NKW-k |title=Departing Space Station Commander Provides Tour of Orbital Laboratory |date=3 July 2015 |last=Williams |first=Suni (presenter) |publisher=NASA |time=17.
The module was manufactured by [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RKK Energia]], with major sub-contracting work by GKNPTs Khrunichev.<ref name="ruspace">{{cite web |title=Service Module {{!}} RuSpace |url=http://suzymchale.com/ruspace/sm.html |access-date=10 November 2020 |website=suzymchale.com |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921234759/http://suzymchale.com/ruspace/sm.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Zvezda'' was launched on a [[Proton (rocket)|Proton rocket]] on 12 July 2000, and docked with the ''Zarya'' module on 26 July 2000.[[File:ISS Destiny Lab.jpg|thumb|The ''Destiny'' module being installed on the ISS]]
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{{Main|Quest Joint Airlock}}
The Joint Airlock (also known as "Quest") is provided by the U.S. and provides the capability for ISS-based Extravehicular Activity (EVA) using either a U.S. Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) or Russian Orlan EVA suits.<ref name="nasa-questairlock">{{cite web |title=Quest Airlock |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/quest-airlock/ |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024152123/https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/quest-airlock/ |archive-date=24 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Before the launch of this airlock, EVAs were performed from either the U.S. Space Shuttle (while docked) or from the Transfer Chamber on the Service Module. Due to a variety of system and design differences, only U.S. space suits could be used from the Shuttle and only Russian suits could be used from the Service Module. The Joint Airlock alleviates this short-term problem by allowing either (or both) spacesuit systems to be used.<ref name="usaf-2010">{{cite tech report |last1=Stockman |first1=Bill |last2=Boyle |first2=Joe |last3=Bacon |first3=John |title=International Space Station Systems Engineering Case Study |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA538763.pdf |publisher=[[United States Air Force]] |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124095002/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA538763.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2023 |pages=
The Joint Airlock was launched on ISS-7A / STS-104 in July 2001 and was attached to the right hand docking port of Node 1.<ref name="nasa-20210714">{{cite web|last1=Uri |first1=John |title=Space Station 20th: STS-104 Brings Quest Joint Airlock to the Space Station |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/space-station-20th-sts-104-brings-quest-joint-airlock-to-the-space-station/ |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124093812/https://www.nasa.gov/history/space-station-20th-sts-104-brings-quest-joint-airlock-to-the-space-station/ |archive-date=24 November 2023 |date=14 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Joint Airlock is 20 ft. long, 13 ft. in diameter, and weighs 6.5 tons. The Joint Airlock was built by Boeing at Marshall Space Flight Center. The Joint Airlock was launched with the High Pressure Gas Assembly. The High Pressure Gas Assembly was mounted on the external surface of the Joint Airlock and will support EVAs operations with breathing gases and augments the Service Module's gas resupply system.
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====''Harmony''====
{{Main|Harmony (ISS module)}}
''Harmony'', also known as ''Node 2'', is the "utility hub" of the ISS. It connects the laboratory modules of the United States, Europe and Japan, as well as providing electrical power and electronic data. Sleeping cabins for four of the crew are housed here.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukws3oLMDc8 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ukws3oLMDc8| archive-date=11 December 2021 | url-status=live|title=Station Tour: Harmony, Tranquility, Unity |date=19 May 2013 |last=Williams |first=Suni (presenter) |publisher=NASA |time=0.
''Harmony'' was launched into space aboard Space Shuttle flight [[STS-120]] on 23 October 2007.<ref name="launch">{{cite web |last=NASA |date=23 October 2007 |title=STS-120 MCC Status Report #01 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts120/news/STS-120-01.html |publisher=NASA |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=28 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028131000/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts120/news/STS-120-01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="lat">{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-24-sci-shuttle24-story.html |title= Shuttle embarks on busy mission |last=Johnson, Jr. |first=John |date=24 October 2007 |access-date=23 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812222654/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-24-sci-shuttle24-story.html |archive-date=12 August 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] }}</ref> After temporarily being attached to the port side of the ''Unity'' node,<ref name="harmmate">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/120/STS-120_Archive.html |title=Harmony module pulled from cargo bay |last=Harwood |first=William |date=26 October 2007 |access-date=26 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130622/http://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/120/STS-120_Archive.html |archive-date=17 September 2021 |work=[[CBS News]] }}</ref><ref name="room">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/science/26cnd-shuttle.html |url-access=subscription |title=New Room Added to Space Station |last=Schwartz |first=John |date=26 October 2007 |access-date=26 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811162928/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/science/26cnd-shuttle.html |archive-date=11 August 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> it was moved to its permanent location on the forward end of the ''Destiny'' laboratory on 14 November 2007.<ref name="pma3">{{cite web |last=NASA |year=2007 |title=PMA-3 Relocation |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition15/pma3move.html |access-date=28 September 2007 |publisher=[[NASA]] |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012235655/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition15/pma3move.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Harmony'' added {{convert|2666|cuft|m3|abbr=on|order=flip}} to the station's living volume, an increase of almost 20 per cent, from {{convert|15000|to|17666|cuft|m3|abbr=on|order=flip}}. Its successful installation meant that from NASA's perspective, the station was considered to be "U.S. Core Complete".[[File:Node 3 - Isolated view.jpg|thumb|''Tranquility'' in 2011]]
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[[Ultra high frequency|UHF radio]] is used by astronauts and cosmonauts conducting EVAs and other spacecraft that dock to or undock from the station.<ref name="ISSRG" /> Automated spacecraft are fitted with their own communications equipment; the ATV used a [[laser]] attached to the spacecraft and the Proximity Communications Equipment attached to ''Zvezda'' to accurately dock with the station.<ref name="spaceref-20050228">{{Cite web |url=https://spaceref.com/press-release/issatv-communication-system-flight-on-soyuz/ |title=ISS/ATV communication system flight on Soyuz |date=28 February 2005 |publisher=[[EADS Astrium]] |access-date=30 November 2009 }}</ref><ref name="nsf-20091110">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/11/sts-129-support-dragon-communication-demo-iss/ |title=STS-129 ready to support Dragon communication demo with ISS |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=10 November 2009 |access-date=30 November 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811174816/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/11/sts-129-support-dragon-communication-demo-iss/ |archive-date=11 August 2023 |work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]] }}</ref>
The ISS is equipped with about 100 [[ThinkPad#Use in space|IBM/Lenovo ThinkPad]] and [[HP ZBook|HP ZBook 15]] laptop computers. The laptops have run [[Windows 95]], [[Windows 2000]], [[Windows XP]], [[Windows 7]], [[Windows 10]] and [[Linux]] operating systems.<ref name="techrepublic-20160523">{{Cite news |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/from-windows-10-linux-ipads-iphones-to-hololens-the-tech-space-station-astronauts-use/ |title=From Windows 10, Linux, iPads, iPhones to HoloLens: The tech astronauts use on the ISS |last=Heath |first=Nick |date=23 May 2016 |access-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526014418/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/from-windows-10-linux-ipads-iphones-to-hololens-the-tech-space-station-astronauts-use/ |archive-date=26 May 2016 |work=[[TechRepublic]] }}</ref> Each computer is a [[commercial off-the-shelf]] purchase which is then modified for safety and operation including updates to connectors, cooling and power to accommodate the station's 28V DC power system and weightless environment. Heat generated by the laptops does not rise but stagnates around the laptop, so additional forced ventilation is required. Portable Computer System (PCS) laptops connect to the Primary Command & Control computer (C&C MDM) as remote terminals via a USB to [[MIL-STD-1553|1553]] adapter.<ref name="nasa-20190430">{{Cite web |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/stationreport/2019/04/ |title=April 2019 – ISS On-Orbit Status Report |last=Keeter |first=Bill |date=30 April 2019 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=5 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810144500/https://blogs.nasa.gov/stationreport/2019/04/ |archive-date=10 August 2023 |website=blogs.nasa.gov }}</ref> Station Support Computer (SSC) laptops aboard the ISS are connected to the station's [[wireless LAN]] via [[Wi-Fi]] and ethernet, which connects to the ground via K<sub>u</sub> band. While originally this provided speeds of 10 [[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] download and 3 Mbit/s upload from the station,<ref name="issit">{{Cite news |last=Bilton |first=Nick |date=22 January 2010 |title=First Tweet From Space |work=The New York Times |url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/22/first-tweet-from-space/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102072939/https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/22/first-tweet-from-space/ |archive-date=2 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="tested20121019">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Will |date=19 October 2012 |title=How Fast is the ISS's Internet? (and Other Space Questions Answered) |work=Tested.com |url=http://www.tested.com/science/space/449539-how-fast-isss-internet-and-other-space-questions-answered/ |access-date=29 April 2014 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429212053/http://www.tested.com/science/space/449539-how-fast-isss-internet-and-other-space-questions-answered/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> NASA upgraded the system in late August 2019 and increased the speeds to 600 Mbit/s.<ref name="universetoday-20190825">{{Cite news |url=https://www.universetoday.com/143221/upgraded-iss-now-has-a-600-megabit-per-second-internet-connection/ |title=Upgraded ISS Now Has a 600 Megabit per Second Internet Connection |last=Williams |first=Matt |date=25 August 2019 |access-date=23 June 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906210636/https://www.universetoday.com/143221/upgraded-iss-now-has-a-600-megabit-per-second-internet-connection/ |archive-date=6 September 2023 |work=Universe Today }}</ref> Laptop hard drives occasionally fail and must be replaced.<ref name="esa-20130813">{{Cite web |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Columbus/ESA_ISS_Science_System_-_Operations_Status_Report_150_Increment_36_13_26_July_2013 |title=ESA ISS Science & System – Operations Status Report #150 Increment 36:
The operating system used for key station functions is the [[Debian]] [[Linux distribution]].<ref name="register-20130510">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/10/iss_linux_debian_deployment/ |title=Penguins in spa-a-a-ce! ISS dumps Windows for Linux on laptops |last=Thomson |first=Iain |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811162138/https://www.theregister.com/2013/05/10/iss_linux_debian_deployment/ |archive-date=11 August 2023 |work=[[The Register]] }}</ref> The migration from [[Microsoft Windows]] to Linux was made in May 2013 for reasons of reliability, stability and flexibility.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gunter |first=Joel |date=10 May 2013 |title=International Space Station to boldly go with Linux over Windows |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10049444/International-Space-Station-to-boldly-go-with-Linux-over-Windows.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10049444/International-Space-Station-to-boldly-go-with-Linux-over-Windows.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=15 May 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
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! scope="col" | Departure (planned)
|-
! scope="row" | [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|S.S. Patricia
! scope="row" | {{flagicon|USA}}
| style="background:lightblue;" | Uncrewed
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====Fire and toxic gases====
An onboard fire or a toxic gas leak are other potential hazards. Ammonia is used in the external radiators of the station and could potentially leak into the pressurised modules.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doN4t5NKW-k |title=Departing Space Station Commander Provides Tour of Orbital Laboratory |date=3 July 2015 |last=Williams |first=Suni (presenter) |publisher=NASA |time=18.
==Orbit==
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