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The '''Sintashta culture'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|n|'|t|ɑː|ʃ|t|ə}}; {{lang-ru|Синташтинская культура|Sintashtínskaya kultúra}}, {{IPA-ru|sʲɪntɐʂˈtʲinskəjə kʊlʲˈturə|pron}}}} is a Middle [[Bronze Age]] [[archaeological culture]] of the [[Southern Ural]]s,{{sfn|Lindner|2020|loc=p. 362: "The publication of new radiocarbon data series from selected burial sites in the South-eastern Urals has helped to establish a much more accurate chronology for the late Middle Bronze Age Sintashta-Petrovka complex"}} dated to the period {{Circa}} 2200–1900 BCE.{{sfn|Tkachev|2020|p=31|loc="The author presents the results of radiocarbon dating of burials from the Sintashta cemetery near Mount Berezovaya (Bulanovo) and Tanabergen II in the steppe Cis-Urals. The series consists of 10 calibrated radiocarbon dates, three of which were obtained using AMS accelerated technology. As a result of the implementation of statistical procedures, a chronological interval for the functioning of necropolises was established within {{Circa|2200}}–1770 BCE."}}{{sfn|Epimakhov|Zazovskaya|Alaeva|2023|loc=p. 6: "The earliest values in the series refer to the Sintashta culture (Sintashta II [the early phase], Kamenny Ambar-5 [Kurgan 2])—2200–2000 calBC"}} It is the first phase of the '''Sintashta–Petrovka complex''',{{sfn|Lindner|2020|loc=p. 362: "[A] much more accurate chronology for the late Middle Bronze Age Sintashta-Petrovka complex"}} {{circa|2200}}–1750 BCE. The culture is [[Type site|named after]] the [[Sintashta|Sintashta archaeological site]], in [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], Russia, and spreads through [[Orenburg Oblast]], [[Bashkortostan]], and [[Northern Kazakhstan]]. Widely regarded as the origin of the [[Indo-Iranian languages]],{{sfn|Mallory|Mair|2008|p=261}}<ref name="Anthony 2007 pp. 408-411">{{Harvnb|Anthony|2007|pp=408–411}}</ref>{{sfn|Lubotsky|2023|p=259|loc="There is growing consensus among both archaeologists and linguists that the Sintashta–Petrovka culture (2100–1900 BCE) in the Southern Trans-Urals was inhabited by the speakers of Proto-Indo-Iranian"}} whose speakers originally referred to themselves as the ''[[Aryan|Aryans]],''<ref name=":4">{{harvnb|Schmitt|1987|ps=: "The name ''Aryan'' is the self designation of the peoples of Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages, in contrast to the 'non-Aryan' peoples of those 'Aryan' countries."}}</ref>{{Sfn|Anthony|2007|p=408}} the Sintashta culture is thought to represent an eastward migration of peoples from the [[Corded Ware culture]].{{sfn|Allentoft|Sikora|Sjögren|Rasmussen|2015|loc="The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two. [...] Although we cannot formally test whether the Sintashta derives directly from an eastward migration of Corded Ware peoples or if they share common ancestry with an earlier steppe population, the presence of European Neolithic farmer ancestry in both the Corded Ware and the Sintashta, combined with the absence of Neolithic farmer ancestry in the earlier Yamnaya, would suggest the former being more probable. [...] The enigmatic Sintashta culture near the Urals bears genetic resemblance to Corded Ware and was therefore likely to be an eastward migration into Asia. As this culture spread towards Altai it evolved into the Andronovo culture"}}{{sfn|Mathieson|2015|loc=Supplementary material: "Sintashta and Andronovo populations had an affinity to more western populations from central and northern Europe like the Corded Ware and associated cultures. [...] the Srubnaya/Sintashta/Andronovo group resembled Late Neolithic/Bronze Age populations from mainland Europe."}}{{sfn|Narasimhan|Patterson|Moorjani|Rohland|2019|loc=Supplementary Materials: "We observed a main cluster of 41 ''Sintashta'' individuals that was genetically similar to ''Srubnaya'', ''Potapovka'', and ''Andronovo'' in being well modeled as a mixture of ''Yamnaya''-related and ''Anatolia_N'' (European farmer-related) ancestry" (p.40) [...] "Additional work has documented genetic similarity of people of the Corded Ware Complex to those of both the Sintashta and Srubnaya archaeological cultures of the western Steppe" (p.243)}}{{sfn|Chintalapati|Patterson|Moorjani|2022|loc=p. 13: "[T]he CWC expanded to the east to form the archaeological complexes of Sintashta, Srubnaya, Andronovo, and the BA cultures of Kazakhstan."}}
The earliest known [[chariot]]s have been found in Sintashta burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology, which spread throughout the [[Old World]] and played an important role in [[ancient warfare]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0 |journal=[[Journal of World Prehistory]] |volume=31 |date=2018 |title=Eurasian Steppe Chariots and Social Complexity During the Bronze Age |last1=Chechushkov |first1=I.V. |last2=Epimakhov |first2=A.V. |issue=4 |pages=435–483 |doi=10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0|s2cid=254743380 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cP9qQgAACAAJ |last=Raulwing |first=Peter |date=2000 |title=Horses, Chariots and Indo-Europeans – Foundations and Methods of Chariotry Research from the Viewpoint of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics |publisher=Archaeolingua Alapítvány, Budapest|isbn=9789638046260 }}</ref>{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=402|loc="Eight radiocarbon dates have been obtained from five Sintashta culture graves containing the impressions of spoked wheels, including three at Sintashta (SM cemetery, gr. 5, 19, 28), one at Krivoe Ozero (k. 9, gr. 1), and one at Kammeny Ambar 5 (k. 2, gr. 8). Three of these (3760 ± 120 BP, 3740 ± 50 BP, and 3700 ± 60 BP), with probability distributions that fall predominantly before 2000 BCE, suggest that the earliest chariots probably appeared in the steppes before 2000 BCE (table 15.1 [p. 376])."}}<ref>Holm, Hans J. J. G. (2019): The Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Series Minor 43. Budapest: ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPÍTVÁNY. {{ISBN|978-615-5766-30-5}}</ref> Sintashta settlements are also remarkable for the intensity of [[copper]] mining and [[bronze]] [[metallurgy]] carried out there, which is unusual for a [[steppe]] culture.<ref name="Hanks & Linduff 2009">{{Harvnb|Hanks|Linduff|2009}}.</ref> Among the main features of the Sintashta culture are high levels of [[militarism]] and extensive [[fortified]] settlements, of which 23 are known.<ref>Semyan, Ivan, and Spyros Bakas, (2021). [https://exarc.net/issue-2021-2/ea/reconstruction-compound-bow-sintashta "Archaeological Experiment on Reconstruction of the 'Compound' Bow of the Sintashta Bronze Age Culture from the Stepnoe Cemetery"], in ''EXARC Journal Issue 2021/2'', Introduction.</ref>
==Origin==
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