Libertarianism: Difference between revisions

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'''Libertarianism''' (from {{lang-fr|libertaire}}, itself from the {{lang-la|libertas|lit=freedom}}) is a [[political philosophy]] that upholds [[liberty]] as a core value.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wolff |first1=Jonathan |title=Libertarianism |journal=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |date=2016 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-S036-1 |isbn=9780415250696 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vossen |first1=Bas Van Der |title=Libertarianism |journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics |date=2017 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.86 |isbn=978-0-19-022863-7 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mack |first1=Eric |editor-first1=George |editor-last1=Klosko |title=Libertarianism |journal=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Political Philosophy |date=2011 |pages=673–688 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0041}}</ref><ref name="Boaz">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Libertarianism|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339321/libertarianism|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|author=Boaz, David|author-link=David Boaz|date=30 January 2009|access-date=21 February 2017|quote=[L]ibertarianism, political philosophy that takes individual liberty to be the primary political value.|archive-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504222253/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339321/libertarianism|url-status=live}}</ref> Libertarians seek to maximize [[autonomy]] and [[political freedom]], emphasizing [[equality before the law]] and [[civil rights]] to [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of thought]] and [[freedom of choice]].<ref name="Boaz" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Woodcock|first=George|title=Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements|orig-date=1962|year=2004|publisher=Broadview Press|location=Peterborough|isbn=978-1551116297|page=16|quote=[F]or the very nature of the libertarian attitude—its rejection of dogma, its deliberate avoidance of rigidly systematic theory, and, above all, its stress on extreme freedom of choice and on the primacy of the individual judgement {{sic}}.|title-link=Anarchism (Woodcock book)}}</ref> Libertarians are often skeptical of or opposed to [[Political authority|authority]], [[State (polity)|state]] power, [[war]]fare, [[militarism]] and [[nationalism]], but some libertarians diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing [[Economic system|economic]] and [[political system]]s. Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private [[Power (social and political)|power]]. Different categorizations have been used to distinguish various forms of Libertarianism.<ref name="Long1">Long, Joseph. W (1996). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class". ''Social Philosophy and Policy''. '''15''' (2): 310. "When I speak of 'libertarianism' [...] I mean all three of these very different movements. It might be protested that LibCap [libertarian capitalism], LibSoc [libertarian socialism] and LibPop [libertarian populism] are too different from one another to be treated as aspects of a single point of view. But they do share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry."</ref><ref name="Carlson1">Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. ''The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America''. London: SAGE Publications. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&q=There+exist+three+major+camps+in+libertarian+thought%3A+right-libertarianism%2C+socialist+libertarianism%2C+and+left-libertarianism%3B+the+extent+to+which+these+represent+distinct+ideologies+as+opposed+to+variations+on+a+theme+is+contested+by+scholars.&pg=PA1006 p. 1006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930075224/https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1006&dq=right-libertarianism&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjVoNT9_uvlAhWN6aQKHWZ6AUUQ6AEINjAB#v=onepage&q=There%20exist%20three%20major%20camps%20in%20libertarian%20thought%3A%20right-libertarianism%2C%20socialist%20libertarianism%2C%20and%20left-libertarianism%3B%20the%20extent%20to%20which%20these%20represent%20distinct%20ideologies%20as%20opposed%20to%20variations%20on%20a%20theme%20is%20contested%20by%20scholars.&f=false |date=30 September 2020 }}. {{ISBN|1412988764}}. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars."</ref> Scholars distinguish libertarian views on the nature of [[Property rights (economics)|property]] and [[Capital (economics)|capital]], usually along [[Left–right political spectrum|left–right]] or [[Socialism|socialist]]–[[Capitalism|capitalist]] lines.<ref name="Francis">{{cite journal|last1=Francis|first1=Mark|title=Human Rights and Libertarians|journal=[[Australian Journal of Politics & History]]|volume=29|issue=3|pages=462–472|date=December 1983|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x|issn=0004-9522}}</ref> Libertarians of various schools were influenced by [[Liberalism|liberal]] ideas.<ref name=":0" />