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* [[File:Logo de l'Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace.svg|22px]] [[French Air and Space Force|French Air Force]] (non-combat)<ref name=FAF/>
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[[#Loyalist militias|Loyalist militias]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Décodeurs |first=Les |date=2024-05-17 |title=New Caledonia: Six questions to understand the current crisis |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/les-decodeurs/article/2024/05/17/new-caledonia-six-questions-to-understand-the-current-crisis_6671770_8.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524043355/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/les-decodeurs/article/2024/05/17/new-caledonia-six-questions-to-understand-the-current-crisis_6671770_8.html |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-19 |work=Le Monde |language=en }}</ref
| fatalities = 9<ref name="Nouvelle-Calédonie : un homme blessé le 29 mai par un gendarme a succombé à ses blessures">{{Cite web|title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : un homme blessé le 29 mai par un gendarme a succombé à ses blessures |date=12 June 2024|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/france/nouvelle-caledonie/nouvelle-caledonie-un-homme-blesse-le-29-mai-par-un-gendarme-a-succombe-a-ses-blessures_6597882.html|website=francetvinfo.fr}}</ref> (including 2 police officers) (3 additional non combat)
| howmany1 = ~9,000 [[Kanak people|Kanak]] protesters & rioters
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New Caledonia then had three consecutive independence referenda (in [[2018 New Caledonian independence referendum|2018]], [[2020 New Caledonian independence referendum|2020]] and [[2021 New Caledonian independence referendum|2021]]).<ref name="Havad" /> Before the final referendum, the pro-independence candidate [[Louis Mapou]] was elected [[President of the Government of New Caledonia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08 |title=New Caledonia gets first leader in favour of independence from France ahead of referendum |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210708-new-caledonia-gets-first-leader-in-favour-of-independence-from-france-ahead-of-referendum |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119030606/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210708-new-caledonia-gets-first-leader-in-favour-of-independence-from-france-ahead-of-referendum |url-status=live }}</ref>
Results of the 2018 and 2020 referenda were 56.6% and 53.2% in favor of remaining part of France<ref name="Diffley">{{cite AV media |people=Angela Diffley |publisher=France 24 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGKTVD2k09M |title=What to know about New Caledonia |time=1:16 |access-date=24 May 2024 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524115743/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGKTVD2k09M |url-status=live }}</ref> with 81% and 85.7% turnout respectively.<ref name="Havad" /> With 46.7% of the vote in favor of independence and roughly 10,000 votes (of 155,000 participants<ref>{{cite web |website=nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr |title=Résultats définitifs du référendum du 4 octobre 2020 |url=https://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/contenu/telechargement/6849/53341/file/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum%20du%204%20octobre%202020%20-%20R%C3%A9sultat%20d%C3%A9finitifs.pdf |language=fr |date=2020-10-05 |access-date=27 May 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113014/https://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/contenu/telechargement/6849/53341/file/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum%20du%204%20octobre%202020%20-%20R%C3%A9sultat%20d%C3%A9finitifs.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>) separating the two camps at the second referendum, the push for independence was stronger than expected. There was a very strong correlation between ethnic origin and voting, with the Kanaks overwhelmingly voting for and the other communities voting against independence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milhiet |first=Paco |date=16 May 2023 |title=Quel avenir géopolitique pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie ? |url=https://cqegheiulaval.com/2023/05/16/quel-avenir-geopolitique-pour-la-nouvelle-caledonie/ |website=Conseil québécois d'études géopolitiques |access-date=26 May 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113048/https://cqegheiulaval.com/2023/05/16/quel-avenir-geopolitique-pour-la-nouvelle-caledonie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The pro-independence movement asked that the third referendum, which it had originally requested, be postponed due to the spread of [[COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia#Political impact|COVID-19]] within their community from September 2021 onward and the resulting impossibility of conducting a campaign while observing the customary Kanak mourning periods.<ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Carine |last2=Tirard |first2=Manuel |date=April 2022 |title=La Nouvelle-Calédonie après le troisième référendum d'autodétermination du 12 décembre 2021 : 40 ans pour rien ? |url=https://journals.openedition.org/revdh/14593 |website=La Revue des Droits de l'Homme |access-date=26 May 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113032/https://journals.openedition.org/revdh/14593 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government decided the referendum would go ahead as long as the sanitary situation improved.<ref name="Emery">{{cite magazine|magazine=Le Point |last=Emery |first=Audrey |date=2021-12-11 |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/nouvelle-caledonie-les-enjeux-d-un-referendum-place-sous-haute-surveillance-11-12-2021-2456263_20.php |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : les enjeux d’un référendum placé sous haute surveillance |lang=fr |archive-date=2023-09-08 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230908184108/https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/nouvelle-caledonie-les-enjeux-d-un-referendum-place-sous-haute-surveillance-11-12-2021-2456263_20.php}}</ref> The anti-independence movement said that the 280 COVID-19 deaths were being instrumentalized by their opponents to postpone a referendum they were poised to lose. Partisans of independence had recently been weakened by their handling of the nickel economic crisis, as well as by the support given by France during the pandemic,<ref name="Emery" /> which included 10 billion [[CFP franc]] (83 million euros) in financial aid, free vaccines, and medical staff from
Advocates for independence, who had boycotted the third referendum, considered it illegitimate, leading to institutional deadlock. Local talks ground to a halt and the next provincial election was rescheduled for 15 December 2024. On 26 December 2023, the [[Conseil d'État]] concluded that the current rules infringed significantly on [[universal suffrage]], as they denied the vote to people either born or residing in New Caledonia for several decades.<ref name=NC2/><ref name="RNZ Explainer" />
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=== Firearms ownership ===
New Caledonia also has a high level of gun ownership.<ref name="Politico Nickel" /> French youth sociologist Evelyne Barthou and [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]] anthropologist Benoît Trépied have attributed New Caledonia's high level of gun ownership to a long history of hunting and cattle herding among both the Kanak and Caldoche populations.<ref name="Le Monde guns">{{cite news |last1=Souvanlasy |first1=Leslie |title=New Caledonia: Why are there so many guns in the French Pacific territory? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/05/18/new-caledonia-why-are-there-so-many-guns-the-french-pacific-territory_6671853_7.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[Le Monde]] |date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519122206/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/05/18/new-caledonia-why-are-there-so-many-guns-the-french-pacific-territory_6671853_7.html |archive-date=19 May 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2011, gun sales soared in New Caledonia after the government eased firearms regulations, with a total value of US$1.6 million in 2011. According to [[RNZ]] and
In November 2013, the French Government announced that it would tighten gun laws before the end of the year, leading to a spike in gun sales in New Caledonia. French High Commissioner {{ill|Jean-Jacques Brot|fr}} said that gun sales had doubled while local media claimed that the figure had increased tenfold.<ref>{{cite news |title=Spike in gun sales in New Caledonia worries French High Commissioner |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/231650/spike-in-gun-sales-in-new-caledonia-worries-french-high-commissioner |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[RNZ]] |date=23 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520032430/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/231650/spike-in-gun-sales-in-new-caledonia-worries-french-high-commissioner |archive-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> In late September 2016, the [[French Supreme Court]] struck down a decree seeking to limit gun ownership in New Caledonia since it had not been signed by the ministers of sport and transport. The process for reissuing the decree is expected to take six months.<ref name="RNZ 30 Sep 2016" /> By April 2024, a French National Assembly report estimated that 64,000 hunting and sporting weapons were in circulation across the archipelago. If illegal weapons were included, French authorities estimated that this figure rose to 100,000 firearms, resulting in a high ratio of gun ownership per total population (roughly 286,500 people).<ref name="Le Monde guns" /> According to anthropologist Nathanaëlle Soler, weapons were stockpiled "in anticipation of post-referendum strife".<ref name="Soler">{{cite magazine |last=Soler |first=Nathanaëlle |magazine=Jacobin |title=In New Caledonia, Kanak People Are Defending Their Autonomy |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/06/new-caledonia-kanak-independence-france |date=2024-06-01 |quote=Behind the issue of voter rolls, or even independence, the explosive issue here is the profound inequalities that structure New Caledonia–Kanaky along racial lines.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605052746/https://jacobin.com/2024/06/new-caledonia-kanak-independence-france |archive-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
== Timeline ==
On 13 May 2024, violence broke out in [[Nouméa]]. The clashes pitted law enforcement forces against pro-independence demonstrators, causing fires, looting and injuries among the gendarmes. Three prison employees were briefly taken hostage during an attempted mutiny in the Nouméa prison center. Schools and public services in the affected areas were closed. The French high commissioner requested reinforcements from Paris to maintain order and announced a ban on the carrying and transporting of weapons as well as on the sale of alcohol for 48 hours.<ref name=IL>{{Cite web |language=fr |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : émeutes et tensions en marge du vote sur la réforme constitutionnelle à l'Assemblée |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2024/05/13/nouvelle-caledonie-emeutes-et-tensions-en-marge-du-vote-sur-la-reforme-constitutionnelle-a-l-assemblee_6233010_823448.html |website=[[Le Monde]] |date=13 May 2024 |access-date=24 May 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113017/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2024/05/14/nouvelle-caledonie-couvre-feu-decrete-a-noumea-pour-la-nuit-prochaine-en-raison-d-emeutes-et-de-tensions-en-marge-du-vote-sur-la-reforme-constitutionnelle-a-l-assemblee_6233010_823449.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A large factory, specializing in bottling was completely burnt down in
Supermarkets and car dealerships were looted and vehicles and businesses were burned.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Livingstone |first=Helen |date=14 May 2024 |title=New Caledonia imposes curfew after day of violent protests against constitutional change |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/14/new-caledonia-curfew-noumea-violence-protests-constitution-change |access-date=14 May 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517144745/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/14/new-caledonia-curfew-noumea-violence-protests-constitution-change |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaminov |first=Liza |date=14 May 2024 |title=Pro-independence protests in French territory of New Caledonia turn violent |url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20240514-pro-indepence-protests-in-french-territory-of-new-caledonia-turn-violent |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514231502/https://www.france24.com/en/video/20240514-pro-indepence-protests-in-french-territory-of-new-caledonia-turn-violent |url-status=live }}</ref> Areas affected include [[Nouméa]] and the neighbouring towns of [[Dumbéa]] and [[Le Mont-Dore (New Caledonia)|Le Mont-Dore]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=New Caledonia: 'Shots fired' at police in French territory amid riots over voting reforms |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240514-shots-fired-at-security-forces-in-new-caledonia-riots-over-constitutional-reform |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515003829/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240514-shots-fired-at-security-forces-in-new-caledonia-riots-over-constitutional-reform |url-status=live }}</ref> where gendarmes were fired upon with large caliber hunting rifles.<ref>{{Cite web |language=fr |title=Violences, interpellations… Le point sur la situation en Nouvelle-Calédonie |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/4090915-20240514-nouvelle-caledonie-violences-interpellations-couvre-feu-fait-point-situation |date=2024-05-14 |website=20minutes.fr |access-date=24 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518075101/https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/4090915-20240514-nouvelle-caledonie-violences-interpellations-couvre-feu-fait-point-situation |url-status=live }}</ref> Thirty-six protesters were arrested.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2024 |title='High-calibre weapons' fired in riots on French Pacific island |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/05/14/new-caledonia-riots-french-pacific-island/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515041953/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/05/14/new-caledonia-riots-french-pacific-island/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Authorities imposed a curfew and public gatherings were banned for two days beginning on May 14.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perelman |first=Marc |date=14 May 2024 |title=France imposes curfew in New Caledonia after unrest over voting reform |url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20240514-france-imposes-curfew-in-new-caledonia-after-unrest-over-voting-reform |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514231458/https://www.france24.com/en/video/20240514-france-imposes-curfew-in-new-caledonia-after-unrest-over-voting-reform |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Zhuang |first=Yan |date=14 May 2024 |title=Curfew Imposed Amid Protests in Pacific Territory of New Caledonia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/14/world/asia/new-caledonia-curfew-protests.html |access-date=14 May 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514231456/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/14/world/asia/new-caledonia-curfew-protests.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Minister of the Interior (France)|French Minister of the Interior]] [[Gérald Darmanin]] announced that police reinforcements were being sent to the island.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=France imposes curfew in New Caledonia to quell independence-driven unrest |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2024-05-14/france-imposes-curfew-in-new-caledonia-after-unrest-by-people-who-have-long-sought-independence |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514204225/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2024-05-14/france-imposes-curfew-in-new-caledonia-after-unrest-by-people-who-have-long-sought-independence |url-status=live }}</ref>
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On 18 May, French interior minister Gérald Darmanin announced the launch of a major operation aimed at taking total control of the 60 km main road between Nouméa and [[La Tontouta International Airport]].<ref name=operation/> More than 600 gendarmes, including a hundred [[GIGN]] operatives were set to take part in the operation.<ref name=operation>{{Cite web |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : " Plus de 600 gendarmes " à l'œuvre pour libérer la route entre Nouméa et l'aéroport |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/nouvelle-caledonie-gerald-darmanin-annonce-une-operation-mobilisant-plus-de-600-gendarmes-19-05-2024-HHLJFP5W6VHIBHYDWNVFOUPHNU.php |publisher=Le Parisien |date=19 May 2024 |access-date=24 May 2024 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523123454/https://www.leparisien.fr/politique/nouvelle-caledonie-gerald-darmanin-annonce-une-operation-mobilisant-plus-de-600-gendarmes-19-05-2024-HHLJFP5W6VHIBHYDWNVFOUPHNU.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 19 May, French authorities announced the success of the operation, claiming the destruction of 76 barricades, more than 200 arrests and the reopening of 20 food businesses.<ref name=martyr>{{Cite web |author=LM |title=Émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie: 76 barrages détruits et plus de 200 interpellations, annonce Gérald Darmanin |url=https://rmc.bfmtv.com/actualites/police-justice/faits-divers/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-76-barrages-detruits-et-plus-de-200-interpellations-annonce-gerald-darmanin_AN-202405190228.html |date=19 May 2024 |access-date=24 May 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530113022/https://rmc.bfmtv.com/actualites/police-justice/faits-divers/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-76-barrages-detruits-et-plus-de-200-interpellations-annonce-gerald-darmanin_AN-202405190228.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The French High Commissioner's office confirmed that unidentified groups set two fires and raided a police station between 18 and 19 May, with 230 rioters arrested.<ref name="ABC Australia 20 May 2024">{{cite news |title=Australian Defence Force ready to fly to New Caledonia as France launches raids on independence strongholds |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-19/australian-defence-force-prepares-to-fly-to-new-caledonia/103867358 |access-date=21 May 2024 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520142156/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-19/australian-defence-force-prepares-to-fly-to-new-caledonia/103867358 |archive-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> It was reported that the rioters had taken control of the northern districts of
On the night of 21 May to 22 May, a cyber attack took place in New Caledonia after the announcement of Emmanuel Macron's arrival. This alleged external attack was carried out by sending millions of emails simultaneously and was aimed at saturating the New Caledonian internet network. But the French authorities were able to thwart the cyber attack before it caused significant damage.<ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|title=DIRECT. Crise en Nouvelle-Calédonie : les indépendantistes appellent Emmanuel Macron à "impulser un nouveau souffle" pour rétablir le dialogue|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/france/nouvelle-caledonie/direct-crise-en-nouvelle-caledonie-une-cyberattaque-d-une-force-inedite-a-ete-bloquee-dans-la-nuit-annonce-le-gouvernement-local_6559025.html|date=2024-05-22|access-date=24 May 2024|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524075215/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/france/nouvelle-caledonie/direct-crise-en-nouvelle-caledonie-une-cyberattaque-d-une-force-inedite-a-ete-bloquee-dans-la-nuit-annonce-le-gouvernement-local_6559025.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, Australia evacuated 300 citizens who had registered with the Australian authorities for assistance in leaving New Caledonia.<ref name="BBC News 21 May 24"/> and RZNAF [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] plane evacuated 50 New Zealanders.<ref name=kiwi/>
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dissolution of the National Assembly.<ref name="dissolution">{{cite news |title= Nouvelle-Calédonie : Emmanuel Macron "a décidé de suspendre" la réforme électorale contestée, en raison des législatives anticipées |language=fr |trans-title=New Caledonia: Emmanuel Macron "has decided to suspend" the disputed electoral reform, due to early legislative elections |url= https://www.francetvinfo.fr/france/nouvelle-caledonie/nouvelle-caledonie-emmanuel-macron-a-decide-de-suspendre-la-reforme-electorale-contestee-en-raison-des-legislatives-anticipees_6599745.html |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=[[France Info]] }}</ref>
On 19 June, authorities announced the arrest of 11 people, including Christian Tein, the leader of the pro-independence movement CCAT (Field Action Coordination Cell), on suspicion of instigating the violence.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Caledonia police arrest pro-independence leader over deadly protests |language=en |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/19/new-caledonia-police-arrest-pro-independence-leader-over-deadly-protests |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] }}</ref> Seven of the eleven were flown to metropolitan France, including: Tein, who was detained in [[Mulhouse]] for further questioning; the CCAT communications director, who was held in [[Dijon]];<ref>{{cite news|title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : le chef indépendantiste Christian Tein va être placé en détention en métropole |newspaper=Le Parisien |lang=fr |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/nouvelle-caledonie-un-chef-independantiste-va-etre-place-en-detention-en-metropole-22-06-2024-UOA2KWMI4FCTTEUJADDNLFBPVA.php |date=2024-06-22}}</ref> and the director of the Congressional president's office, who was incarcerated in [[Riom]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=La Montagne |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : une militante indépendantiste doit être incarcérée dans le Puy-de-Dôme |url=https://www.lamontagne.fr/riom-63200/actualites/nouvelle-caledonie-un-militant-independantiste-doit-etre-incarcere-dans-le-puy-de-dome_14523018/ |date=2024-06-23 |lang=fr }}</ref> Demonstrations took place in mainland France notably near the building of the Ministry of Justice and in [[Lutterbach]].<ref name="France 2420240624">{{Cite web |title=Regain de violences en Nouvelle-Calédonie après le transfert d'indépendantistes en métropole |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20240624-regain-de-violences-en-nouvelle-cal%C3%A9donie-des-b%C3%A2timents-incendi%C3%A9s |editor=France 24 |date=24 June 2024 |accessdate=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Challenges20240624">{{Cite web |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : Nuit de tensions après l'incarcération en métropole du leader de la CCAT |url=https://www.challenges.fr/top-news/nouvelle-caledonie-nuit-de-tensions-apres-l-incarceration-en-metropole-du-leader-de-la-ccat_897300 |publisher=Challenges |date=24 June 2024 |accessdate=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Jean-Claude Samyde |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : manifestation à Paris pour la libération des prisonniers de la CCAT |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvelle-caledonie-manifestation-a-paris-pour-la-liberation-des-prisonniers-de-la-ccat-1499480.html |website=Outre-mer la 1ère |date=23 June 2024 |accessdate=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Alain Cheval |title=Manifestation des indépendantistes au centre pénitentiaire de Lutterbach |url=https://www.lalsace.fr/faits-divers-justice/2024/06/24/manifestation-des-independantistes-au-centre-penitentiaire-de-lutterbach |publisher=[[L'Alsace]] |date=24 June 2024 |accessdate=27 June 2024}}</ref>
On 23 June, riots broke out again in
===Loyalist militias===
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==Analysis==
According to Australian [[peace and conflict studies]] professor Nicole George and [[University of Pau and the Adour Region]] sociologist Évelyne Barthou, Kanaky youth played a major role in leading the protests and violence. George said that the protests were rooted in "the highly visible wealth disparities" in the territory which “fuel resentment and the profound racial inequalities that deprive Kanak youths of opportunity and contribute to their alienation." Similarly Barthou said that many Kanaky young people resented having to [[Ethnic competition thesis|compete for limited opportunities]] with migrants from mainland France.
== Casualties ==
Between 13 and 24 May, seven people were killed, including two [[National Gendarmerie|gendarmes]]. On 31 May, another 153<ref>{{Cite web |title=Point de situation - Troubles à l'ordre public en Nouvelle Calédonie |url=https://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/Actualites/Point-de-situation-Troubles-a-l-ordre-public-en-Nouvelle-Caledonie6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527045810/https://www.nouvelle-caledonie.gouv.fr/Actualites/Point-de-situation-Troubles-a-l-ordre-public-en-Nouvelle-Caledonie2 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Les services de l'État en Nouvelle-Calédonie |language=fr}}</ref> police officers were injured.<ref name="LM">{{Cite news |title=En direct, émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Gérald Darmanin annonce l'arrivée de renforts |trans-title=Live, riots in New Caledonia: Gérald Darmanin announces the arrival of reinforcements |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/16/en-direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-gerald-darmanin-annonce-l-arrivee-de-renforts_6233400_823448.html |access-date=16 May 2024 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=fr-FR |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516232223/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/16/en-direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-gerald-darmanin-annonce-l-arrivee-de-renforts_6233400_823448.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : un nouveau décès porte à six le bilan humain en marge des émeutes |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/nouvelle-caledonie-un-nouveau-deces-porte-a-six-le-bilan-humain-en-marge-des-emeutes-20240518 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Le Figaro |language=fr |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518172114/https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/nouvelle-caledonie-un-nouveau-deces-porte-a-six-le-bilan-humain-en-marge-des-emeutes-20240518 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ten independence activists accused of organizing violence were placed under house arrest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mazzoni |first=Julien |date=17 May 2024 |title=New Caledonia riots: parts of territory 'out of state control', French representative says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/17/new-caledonia-riots-protests-noumea-out-of-state-control |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517144634/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/17/new-caledonia-riots-protests-noumea-out-of-state-control |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Photos: Violent protests rage in New Caledonia amid growing civil unrest |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/5/18/violent-protests-rage-in-new-caledonia-amid-growing-civil-unrest |access-date=19 May 2024 |agency=Al Jazeera |date=18 May 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519015216/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/5/18/violent-protests-rage-in-new-caledonia-amid-growing-civil-unrest |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 15 May, a gendarme was seriously injured in [[Plum, New Caledonia|Plum]] and died later in the same day. On 16 May, three [[Kanak people|Kanak]] civilians aged 17 to 35 were killed in [[Nouméa]] by unidentified armed civilians,<ref>{{cite news |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : ce que l'on sait de la mort des trois civils à Nouméa - Le Parisien |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/nouvelle-caledonie-ce-que-lon-sait-de-la-mort-des-trois-personnes-civiles-16-05-2024-LRV23ETQPNGARP2PAJG5ZNR2QU.php |access-date=22 May 2024 |agency=Le Parisien |date=16 May 2024 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521212128/https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/nouvelle-caledonie-ce-que-lon-sait-de-la-mort-des-trois-personnes-civiles-16-05-2024-LRV23ETQPNGARP2PAJG5ZNR2QU.php |url-status=live }}</ref> while on the same day, the death of another French gendarme in New Caledonia from accidental gunshot wounds inflicted by another member of the security forces was announced by Gérald Darmanin in a message to [[Agence France-Presse]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2024 |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : Un gendarme tué ce matin à la suite " d'un tir accidentel ", annonce Gérald Darmanin |trans-title=New Caledonia: A gendarme killed this morning due to an accidental shooting, announces Gérald Darmanin |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/16/en-direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-un-deuxieme-gendarme-est-mort-en-nouvelle-caledonie-apres-un-tir-accidentel-annonce-gerald-darmanin_6233400_823448.html?#id-1511203 |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=[[Le Monde]] |language=fr |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516095602/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/16/en-direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-un-deuxieme-gendarme-est-mort-en-nouvelle-caledonie-apres-un-tir-accidentel-annonce-gerald-darmanin_6233400_823448.html#id-1511203 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 May, a [[Caldoche]] man, aged 51, was killed in a gunfight in [[Kaala-Gomen]], after firing on Kanak protestors as a result of rocks being thrown at his car at a roadblock, breaking a window.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : Edouard Philippe " espère " des annonces " à la hauteur ", de la part d'Emmanuel Macron |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/21/en-direct-nouvelle-caledonie-le-point-sur-la-situation-en-fin-de-journee_6233400_823448.html?#id-1516609 |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=Le Monde.fr |agency=Le Monde |date=19 May 2024 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522000340/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/21/en-direct-nouvelle-caledonie-le-point-sur-la-situation-en-fin-de-journee_6233400_823448.html#id-1516609 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son as well as two Kanak protestors were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Un mort et deux blessés dans un échange de tirs au niveau d'un barrage à Kaala-Gomen, dans la province Nord |trans-title=One killed and two injured in a gunfight at a roadblock in Kaala-Gomen, in the Nord province |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/18/en-direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-la-situation-est-loin-d-un-retour-a-l-apaisement-selon-sonia-lagarde-maire-de-noumea_6233400_823448.html?#id-1515609 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=[[Le Monde]] |language=fr |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20240518184548/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/live/2024/05/18/en-direct-emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-la-situation-est-loin-d-un-retour-a-l-apaisement-selon-sonia-lagarde-maire-de-noumea_6233400_823448.html#id-1515609 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 May, a seventh person was killed by a police officer who opened fire while being attacked by a group of around 15 rioters.<ref name="lefigaro.fr"/><ref name="apnews.com"/> A 26-year
===Non-combat===
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On 17 May it was announced that the [[2024 Summer Olympics torch relay|Olympic Torch Relay]] for the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris Olympics]] would not pass through New Caledonia on 11 June as had originally been planned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Émeutes en Nouvelle-Calédonie – JO de Paris 2024 : le Premier ministre annonce que la flamme olympique ne passera pas sur l'archipel |url=https://www.lindependant.fr/2024/05/18/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-jo-de-paris-2024-le-premier-ministre-annonce-que-la-flamme-olympique-ne-passera-pas-sur-larchipel-11958877.php |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=lindependant.fr |language=fr |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518080711/https://www.lindependant.fr/2024/05/18/emeutes-en-nouvelle-caledonie-jo-de-paris-2024-le-premier-ministre-annonce-que-la-flamme-olympique-ne-passera-pas-sur-larchipel-11958877.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 22 May, the Mayor of
In a month of riots, the toll was estimated at 900 businesses and 200 houses destroyed, 600 vehicles burned.<ref name=damage/>
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On 15 May, Attal deployed the army to protect ports and airports, and issued a ban on [[TikTok]] in response,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=Nouvelle-Calédonie : Gabriel Attal annonce le déploiement de l'armée, le réseau social TikTok interdit |trans-title=New Caledonia: Gabriel Attal announces the deployment of the army, the social network TikTok banned |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/politique/nouvelle-caledonie-une-personne-tuee-par-balle-des-centaines-de-blesses-dans-les-emeutes-3277029 |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=[[France Bleu]] |language=fr |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515175742/https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/politique/nouvelle-caledonie-une-personne-tuee-par-balle-des-centaines-de-blesses-dans-les-emeutes-3277029 |url-status=live }}</ref> which French authorities said had previously been used to organize riots.<ref name="SCMP">{{Cite news |date=16 May 2024 |title=New Caledonia riots: France declares state of emergency, bans TikTok |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3262838/france-declares-state-emergency-bans-tiktok-new-caledonia-amid-deadly-riots |access-date=16 May 2024 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516151654/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3262838/france-declares-state-emergency-bans-tiktok-new-caledonia-amid-deadly-riots |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RNZ revolution here">{{cite news |title='It's a revolution here, using Tiktok' – Pro-independence activist on New Caledonia unrest |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/517073/it-s-a-revolution-here-using-tiktok-pro-independence-activist-on-new-caledonia-unrest |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[RNZ]] |date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517023241/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/517073/it-s-a-revolution-here-using-tiktok-pro-independence-activist-on-new-caledonia-unrest |archive-date=17 May 2024}}</ref> On 16 May, Macron declared a [[States of emergency in France|state of emergency]] in New Caledonia.<ref name="SCMP"/><ref name="SBS"/> By 17 May, the number of French police and [[gendarmes]] in New Caledonia had risen from 1,700 to 2,700. French forces were also deployed to supply food and medicine to the public while teams of mine clearing specialists were deployed to remove barricades that may have been booby trapped by activists.<ref name="ABC Australia 17 May 2024">{{cite news |title=Australians barricaded in New Caledonia accommodation as violence spreads, French government hopeful riots are calming |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-17/second-police-officer-dies-in-new-caledonia-riots/103858934 |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518152058/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-17/second-police-officer-dies-in-new-caledonia-riots/103858934 |archive-date=18 May 2024}}</ref>
On 19 May, [[Radio New Zealand]] reported that Attal was chairing daily meetings of an "inter-ministerial crisis cell" which included also Interior Minister Darmanin, [[Minister of the Overseas]] [[Marie Guévenoux]], [[Minister of the Armed Forces (France)|Minister of the Armed Forces]] [[Sébastien Lecornu]] and [[Minister of Justice (France)|Minister of Justice]] [[Éric Dupond-Moretti]]. In addition, Attal also chaired a parliamentary "liaison committee" on New Caledonia on 17 May, which was attended by New Caledonian parliamentary representatives and parliamentary groups specialising on the Pacific territory. RNZ also reported that the French government had plans to send a "dialogue mission" to New Caledonia to restore dialogue and trust between Paris and the New Caledonians. On 19 May, French High Commissioner Louis Le Franc announced that 600 security personnel were being deployed in an operation to regain control of the highway area between
By 19 May, French forces had broken through 60 roadblocks along the Route Territorial 1. On 20 May, French High Commissioner Louis Le Franc announced that French security forces would be launching new raids against pro-independence strongholds across New Caledonia. Le Franc also confirmed that customs officials had secured 103 containers of food and medicine at
In early June 2024, French Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin confirmed that the National Gendarmerie had deployed several armoured vehicles known as "Centaurs" to New Caledonia for the purposes of breaking road blocks and reestablishing public order. These Centaur armoured cars can be equipped with machine guns and tear gas canisters. High Commissioner Louis Le Franc confirmed that voting for the [[2024 European Parliament elections]] would go ahead in New Caledonia and that a curfew as well as a ban on the sales of firearms and alcohol would be imposed during the voting period.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staunton |first1=Margot |title=France sends armoured vehicles with machine gun capability to New Caledonia |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/518600/france-sends-armoured-vehicles-with-machine-gun-capability-to-new-caledonia |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=[[RNZ]] |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604050834/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/518600/france-sends-armoured-vehicles-with-machine-gun-capability-to-new-caledonia |archive-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
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| caption2 =
| footer = RNZAF receiving New Zealanders and approved foreign nationals from New Caledonia
}} On 14 May, [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)|Foreign Minister]] [[Winston Peters]] cancelled plans to visit New Caledonia in response to the unrest. National carrier [[Air New Zealand]] also stated it was monitoring the situation in the territory ahead of its next flight to Nouméa at 08:25 on 18 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winston Peters cancels New Caledonia visit amid violent unrest |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/516750/winston-peters-cancels-new-caledonia-visit-amid-violent-unrest |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[RNZ]] |date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514212317/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/516750/winston-peters-cancels-new-caledonia-visit-amid-violent-unrest |archive-date=14 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the closure of [[La Tontouta International Airport]], the airline cancelled its flights to Nouméa scheduled for 18 and 20 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Caledonia's Nouméa airport is closed until Tuesday, Air New Zealand says |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/517083/new-caledonia-s-noumea-airport-is-closed-until-tuesday-air-new-zealand-says |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[RNZ]] |date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517023232/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/517083/new-caledonia-s-noumea-airport-is-closed-until-tuesday-air-new-zealand-says |archive-date=17 May 2024}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] confirmed that 219 New Zealanders were registered with Safe Travel in New Caledonia. Peters confirmed that the Government was exploring ways of evacuating New Zealanders including deploying the [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]]. While the New Zealand Consulate General remained open, staff were working remotely due to safety concerns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crimp |first1=Lauren |title=NZers trapped by New Caledonia riots feel 'abandoned' by their own country |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/517116/nzers-trapped-by-new-caledonia-riots-feel-abandoned-by-their-own-country |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[RNZ]] |date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123238/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/517116/nzers-trapped-by-new-caledonia-riots-feel-abandoned-by-their-own-country |archive-date=17 May 2024}}</ref> On 20 May New Zealand announced a flight on 21 May to evacuate 50 New Zealand nationals from
*{{flag|Russia}}: [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Foreign Ministry]] spokeswoman [[Maria Zakharova]] rejected claims of foreign interference in the New Caledonia unrest and urged France to "look at its own deep-down problems." Zakharova stated that Russia regarded New Caledonia as a non-self governing territory that had not yet completed the process of decolonisation. Russia called on France to "refrain from an unjustified use of force against the protesters and respect the rights and liberties of the indigenous population of New Caledonia and other overseas territories under its control."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zakharova |first1=Maria |title=Comment by Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova on riots in New Caledonia |url=https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1951427/ |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation]] |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522004933/https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1951427/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flag|Solomon Islands}}: [[Colin Beck (diplomat)|Colin Beck]], the Permanent Secretary of Foreign Affairs, said that using military force was not a method to resolve issues, and it could prevent indigenous Kanak people from expressing their rights.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aumanu-Leong |first1=Chrisnrita |date=20 May 2024 |title=Solomon Islands i agensim yusim military force long New Caledonia pipol |url=https://www.abc.net.au/pacific/programs/wantok/sols-newcal-stand/103868952 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520101308/https://www.abc.net.au/pacific/programs/wantok/sols-newcal-stand/103868952 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |language=tpi}}</ref>
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