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[[File:St Francis Xavier Church.jpg|thumb|[[St. Francis Xavier Church and Newtown Manor House Historic District|St. Francis Xavier Church]] in [[Compton, Maryland]], the oldest Catholic church in continuous operation from the [[Thirteen Colonies]]<ref name="maryland"/>]]
[[File:King louis statue tonemapped.jpg|thumb|[[Apotheosis of St. Louis]] in [[St. Louis]]<ref name="colcath">{{Cite web |title=The Colonial Beginnings of North American Catholicism |date=April 24, 2017 |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2017/04/24/colonial-beginnings-north-american-catholicism |publisher=America Magazine |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017144741/https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2017/04/24/colonial-beginnings-north-american-catholicism |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref>]]
One of the colonies of [[British America]], the [[Province of Maryland]], "a Catholic Proprietary,"<ref>Richard Midddleton, ''Colonial America'', 94–103</ref> was founded with an explicitly [[English Catholic]] identity in the 17th century, contrasting itself with the neighbouring Protestant-dominated [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] and [[Colony of Virginia]].<ref name="maryland">{{Cite web |title=Roman Catholics, Not Papists: Catholic Identity in Maryland, 1689–1776 |date=July 7, 2016 |url=https://epicpew.com/american-cities-named-saints/ |publisher=Beatrix Betancourt Hardy |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=February 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131731/https://epicpew.com/american-cities-named-saints/ |url-status=dead}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref> It was named after the Catholic Queen [[Henrietta Maria]], the wife of [[Charles I of England]]. Politically, it was under the influence of Catholic [[colonial families of Maryland]] such as the Calvert [[Baron Baltimore]] and the [[O'Carroll|Carroll]] family, the latter of Irish origin.<ref name="calcarr">{{Cite web |title=The United States' Catholic Beginnings in Colonial Maryland |url=http://napa-institute.org/2018/09/25/the-united-states-catholic-beginnings-in-colonial-maryland/ |publisher=NAPA Institute |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030615/http://napa-institute.org/2018/09/25/the-united-states-catholic-beginnings-in-colonial-maryland/ |url-status=dead}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref> Much of the religious situation in the Thirteen Colonies reflected the sectarian divisions of the [[English Civil War]]. <ref name="newengland">{{Cite web |title=New England's God: Anti-Catholicism and Colonial New England |url=https://collected.jcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1016&context=mastersessays |publisher=John Carroll University |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115205634/https://collected.jcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1016&context=mastersessays |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020. </ref> This predicament was especially precarious for Catholics. For this reason, Calvert wanted to provide "a refuge for his fellow Catholics" who were "harassed in England by the Protestant majority." King Charles I, as a "Catholic sympathizer," favored and facilitated Calvert's plan if only to make evident that a "policy of religious toleration could permit Catholics and Protestants to live together in harmony." <ref> Alan Taylor, ''American Colonies'' (New York: Viking, 2001), 137. ISBN: 0-670-87282-2 </ref>
The [[Province of Pennsylvania]], which was given to the [[Quakers|Quaker]] [[William Penn]] by the last Catholic King of England, [[James II of England|James II]], advocated religious toleration as a principle and thus some Catholics lived there.<ref name="colcath"/><ref>{{Cite journal |title="Good Will to All Men... from the King on the throne to the beggar on the dunghill": William Penn, the Roman Catholics and Religious Toleration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27773762 |publisher=Paul Douglas Newman |jstor=27773762 |last1=Newman |first1=Paul Douglas |journal=Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies |date=1994 |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=457–479 |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022171537/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27773762 |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref> There were also some Catholics in the [[Province of New York]] (named after the aforementioned James II). In 1785, the estimated number of Catholics was at 25,000; 15,800 in Maryland, 7,000 in Pennsylvania and 1,500 in New York.<ref name="eightyfive">{{Cite web |title=Welfare and Conversion: The Catholic Church in African-American Communities in the U.S. South, 1884–1939 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4315075.pdf |publisher=William Francis Collopy |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019101651/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4315075.pdf |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref> There were only 25 priests serving the faithful. This was less than 2% of the total population in the Thirteen Colonies.<ref name="eightyfive"/>
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