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The [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] founded Montevideo as a military stronghold in the early 18th century due to competing claims over the region, while Uruguay won its [[independence]] between 1811 and 1828, following a four-way struggle between Portugal and Spain, and later Argentina and Brazil. It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the first half of the 19th century.<ref name="loc-102">{{cite web |year=1990 |editor2=Sandra W. Meditz |title=Modern Uruguay, 1875–1903 (Chapter 10) |url=http://countrystudies.us/uruguay/10.htm |access-date=23 February 2011 |work=Uruguay: A Country Study |publisher=Library of Congress Country Studies |editor1=Rex A. Hudson |location=Washington DC |archive-date=30 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430025448/http://countrystudies.us/uruguay/10.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, numerous pioneering economic, labor, and social reforms were implemented, which led to the creation of a highly developed welfare state, which is why the country began to be known as "Switzerland of the Americas".<ref>{{Cite news |last=TIMES |first=Special to THE NEW YORK |date=1951-01-03 |title=URUGUAY A HAVEN FOR REFUGEE SUMS; Gold Flows to 'Switzerland of Americas' Since Korean War --Foreign Trade Booms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/01/03/archives/uruguay-a-haven-for-refugee-sums-gold-flows-to-switzerland-of.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811145157/http://www.nytimes.com/1951/01/03/archives/uruguay-a-haven-for-refugee-sums-gold-flows-to-switzerland-of.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, a series of [[Financial crisis|economic crises]] and the fight against [[Far-left politics|far-left]] [[urban guerrilla warfare]] in the late 1960s and early 1970s culminated in the [[1973 Uruguayan coup d'état|1973 ''coup d'état'']], which established a [[Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay|civic-military dictatorship]] until 1985.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-27 |title=Back to Democracy in Uruguay |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/12/01/back-to-democracy-in-uruguay/768ffe9f-4cf0-4741-ad4c-0a593e3bce6b/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Uruguay is today a [[Democratic republic|democratic]] [[Republic|constitutional republic]], with a president who serves as both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]].
Uruguay is described as a "full democracy" and is very highly ranked in international measurements of government transparency, economic freedom, social progress, [[List of countries by income equality|income equality]], [[per capita income]], innovation, and infrastructure.
==Etymology==<!--linked-->
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