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[[File:1721 PhD Ceremony at Leiden University.jpg|upright 1.2|thumb|Dutch 18th century doctoral ceremony at [[Leiden University]] shown on the frontispiece of a PhD thesis, Netherlands. ''Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de spatio vacuo'' (''Inaugural Philosophical Disputation on Empty Space'') by Guilielmus ab Irhoven (Willem van Irhoven) on the authority of the Rector magnificus Johannes Jacobus Vitriarius (Jan Jacob Glazenmaker), 7 July 1721.]]
A '''thesis''' ({{IPA-en|ˈθiːsɪs}}; {{plural form}}: '''theses'''), or '''dissertation'''{{NoteTag|Originally, the concepts "dissertation" and "thesis" (plural, "theses") were not interchangeable. When, at ancient universities, the lector had completed his lecture, there would traditionally follow a disputation, during which students could take up certain points and argue them. The position that one took during a disputation was the thesis, while the dissertation was the line of reasoning with which one buttressed it.<ref>Olga Weijers: "The medieval ''disputatio''{{-"}}. In: [http://www.ascleiden.nl/Pdf/horaestklein.pdf ''Hora est! On dissertations''], pp. 23-27. Leiden University Library, 2005</ref>}} (abbreviated '''diss.'''),<ref>{{cite web |last = Nieves-Whitmore |first = Kaeli |title = Subject Guides: Citation Help: Dissertations & Theses |url = https://guides.lib.uiowa.edu/citationhelp/chicago/dissertations |website = guides.lib.uiowa.edu |access-date = 15 February 2021 |language = en }}</ref> is a document submitted in support of candidature for an [[academic degree]] or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.<!-- Who knows what this source actually says? It's not publicly accessible and (especially if not even quoted from) needs to be replaced with one that is. --><ref name="iso7144">International Standard [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] 7144: Documentation—[http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=13736&ICS1=1&ICS2=140&ICS3=40 Presentation of theses and similar documents], International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1986.</ref> In some contexts, the word ''thesis'' or a cognate is used for part of a [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] or [[Master's degree|master's]] course, while ''dissertation'' is normally applied to a [[doctorate]]. This is the typical arrangement in [[American English]]. In other contexts, such as within most institutions of the United Kingdom and [[Republic of Ireland]], the reverse is true.<ref>Douwe Breimer, Jos Damen<!-- {{Q|58161949}} --> et al.: [http://www.ascleiden.nl/Pdf/horaestklein.pdf ''Hora est! On dissertations''], Leiden University Library, 2005.</ref> The term '''graduate thesis'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> is sometimes used to refer to both master's theses and doctoral dissertations.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.grad.ubc.ca/handbook-graduate-supervision/graduate-thesis |title = The Graduate Thesis |access-date = 22 October 2014 |archive-date = 28 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210428080706/https://www.grad.ubc.ca/handbook-graduate-supervision/graduate-thesis |url-status = dead }}</ref>
The required complexity or quality of research of a thesis or dissertation can vary by country, university, or program, and the required minimum study period may thus vary significantly in duration.
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