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'''Buddhism''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ʊ|d|ɪ|z|əm}} {{respell|BUUD|ih|zəm}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|b|uː|d|-}} {{respell|BOOD|-}}),{{sfnp|Wells|2008|p=}}{{sfnp|Roach|2011|p=}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/buddhism|title=buddhism noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{pipe}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213071447/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/buddhism|url-status=live}}</ref> also known as '''Buddha Dharma''' and '''Dharmavinaya''', is an [[Indian religion]]{{efn|"Indian religions" is a term used by scholars to describe those religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jonathan H. X. Lee|author2=Kathleen M. Nadeau |title=Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/504 |year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35066-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/504 504]}}, Quote: "The three other major Indian religions – Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism – originated in India as an alternative to Brahmanic/Hindu philosophy"</ref><ref>[[Jan Gonda]] (1987), ''Indian Religions: An Overview – Buddhism and Jainism'', Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Edition, Volume 7, Editor: Lindsay Jones, Macmillan Reference, {{ISBN|0-02-865740-3}}, p. 4428</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=[[K. T. S. Sarao]]|author2=Jefferey Long |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions: Buddhism and Jainism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0_njwEACAAJ |year=2017 |publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-024-0851-5}}, Quote: "Buddhism and Jainism, two religions which, together with Hinduism, constitute the three pillars of Indic religious tradition in its classical formulation."</ref> Early Buddhism originated on the eastern [[Indo-Gangetic plain]], spanning parts of both modern-day [[India]] and [[Nepal]].{{fact|date=March 2024}}}} and [[philosophical tradition]] based on [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|teachings]] attributed to [[the Buddha]], a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century [[Before the Common Era|BCE]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Siderits |first1=Mark |title=Buddha |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddha/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |date=2019 |access-date=22 October 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521121053/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddha/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the [[Major religious groups|world's fourth-largest religion]],<ref>"Buddhism". (2009). In ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 26 November 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition.</ref>{{sfnp|Lopez|2001|p=239}} with over 520 million followers, known as '''Buddhists''', who comprise seven percent of the global population.<ref name="Pew_2012a">{{cite web |work=Global Religious Landscape |title=Buddhists |date=18 December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/ |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408011020/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf |title=Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal |journal=International Bulletin of Missionary Research |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=28–29 |date=January 2015 |doi=10.1177/239693931503900108 |s2cid=148475861 |access-date=2015-05-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141543/http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017|via=Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary}}</ref> Buddhism originated in the eastern [[Gangetic plain]] as a {{Transliteration|sa|[[śramaṇa]]}}–movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia. It has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to [[Western world|the West]] beginning in the 20th century.<ref name="brit">{{cite web |last1=Reynolds |first1=Frank |last2=Tucci |first2=Giuseppe |title=Buddhism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism |website=Britannica |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught that [[Upādāna|attachment or clinging]] causes ''[[dukkha]]'' (often translated as "suffering" or "unease"{{refn|group=note|The term is probably derived from ''duh-stha'', "standing unstable"{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1899|p=483, entry note: }}{{sfnp|Analayo|2013}}{{sfnp|Beckwith|2015|p=30}}{{sfnp|Alexander|2019|p=36}}}}), but that there is a path of [[bhavana|development]] which leads to [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|awakening]] and [[moksha|full liberation]] from ''dukkha''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donner |first1=Susan E. |title=Self or No Self: Views from Self Psychology and Buddhism in a Postmodern Context |journal=Smith College Studies in Social Work |date=April 2010 |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=215–227 |doi=10.1080/00377317.2010.486361 |s2cid=143672653 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233230499 |access-date=8 November 2020 |issn=0037-7317}}</ref> This path employs [[Buddhist meditation|meditation practices]] and [[Buddhist ethics|ethical precepts]] rooted in [[Ahimsa|non-harming]], with the Buddha regarding it as a [[Middle Way]] between extremes such as [[asceticism]] or [[
[[Schools of Buddhism|Buddhist schools]] vary in their interpretation of the paths to liberation ({{Transliteration|sa|[[Buddhist paths to liberation|mārga]]}}) as well as the relative importance and "canonicity" assigned to various [[Buddhist texts]], and their specific teachings and practices.{{sfnp|Williams|1989|pp=275ff}}{{sfnp|Robinson|Johnson|1997|p=xx}} Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: [[Theravada|Theravāda]] ({{Literal translation|School of the Elders}}) and [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] ({{Literal translation|Great Vehicle}}). The Theravada tradition emphasizes the attainment of {{Transliteration|sa|[[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvāṇa]]}} ({{Literal translation|extinguishing}}) as a means of transcending the individual self and ending the cycle of death and rebirth ({{Transliteration|sa|[[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|saṃsāra]]}}),{{sfnp|Gethin |1998|pp=27–28, 73–74}}{{sfnp|Harvey|2013|p=99}}{{sfnp|Powers|2007|pp=392–393, 415}} while the Mahayana tradition emphasizes the [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattva ideal]], in which one works for the liberation of all sentient beings. Additionally, [[Vajrayāna]] ({{Literal translation|Indestructible Vehicle}}), a body of teachings incorporating esoteric [[tantra|tantric]] techniques, may be viewed as a separate branch or tradition within Mahāyāna.<ref name="White 2000 21">{{cite book |editor-last=White |editor-first=David Gordon |year=2000 |page=21 |title=Tantra in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hayV4o50eUEC&pg=PA21 |isbn=978-0-691-05779-8 |access-date=8 July 2015 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055825/https://books.google.com/books?id=hayV4o50eUEC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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