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In 1785, the estimated number of Catholics was at 25,000; 15,800 in Maryland, 7,000 in Pennsylvania and 1,500 in New York.<ref name="eightyfive">{{Cite web |title=Welfare and Conversion: The Catholic Church in African-American Communities in the U.S. South, 1884–1939 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4315075.pdf |publisher=William Francis Collopy |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019101651/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4315075.pdf |url-status=live}} Retrieved on October 15, 2020.</ref> There were only 25 priests serving the faithful. This was less than 2% of the total population in the Thirteen Colonies.<ref name="eightyfive"/>
In 1776, after the [[Second Continental Congress]] unanimously adopted and issued the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] and the [[Continental Army]] prevailed over the British in the [[American Revolutionary War]], the [[United States]] came to incorporate into itself territories with a pre-existing Catholic history under their previous governance by [[New France]] and [[New Spain]], the two premier European Catholic powers active in [[North America]].<ref name="colcath"/> The [[territorial evolution of the United States]] since 1776 has meant that today more areas that are now part of the United States were Catholic in colonial times before they were Protestant.
===Founding of the United States===
{{Main|History of the Catholic Church in the United States}}
[[File:John Carroll Gilbert Stuart.jpg|thumb|[[John Carroll (archbishop of Baltimore)|John Carroll]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore|Archbishop of Baltimore]], the first Catholic bishop in the United States. His cousin, [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton|Charles Carroll]], was one of the 56 [[Founding Father of the United States|Founding Father]] to sign the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]].]]
Anti-Catholicism was the policy for the English who first settled the New England colonies, and it persisted in the face of warfare with the French in [[New France]], now part of Canada.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Ray Allen |last1=Billington |author1-link=Ray Allen Billington |title=The Protestant Crusade: 1800–1860; a study of the origins of American nativism |url=https://archive.org/embed/protestantcrusad0000unse |location=New York |publisher=[[The Macmillan Company]] |date=1938 |pages=1–15 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Maryland was founded by a Catholic, [[Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore|Lord Baltimore]], as the first 'non-denominational' colony and was the first to accommodate Catholics. A charter was issued to him in 1632.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Middleton |title=Colonial America 1565–1776 |url=https://archive.org/embed/colonialamericah0000midd |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |date=2002 |edition=Third |isbn=978-0-631-22141-8 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |page=95}}</ref>
In 1650, the [[Puritans]] in the colony rebelled and repealed the Act of Toleration. Catholicism was outlawed and Catholic priests were hunted and exiled. By 1658, the Act of Toleration was reinstated and Maryland became the center of Catholicism into the mid-19th century. In 1689, Puritans rebelled and again repealed the [[Maryland Toleration Act]]. These rebels cooperated with the colonial assembly "dominated by Anglicans to endow the Church of England with tax support and to bar Catholics (and Quakers) from holding public office."<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Alan |last1=Taylor |author1-link=Alan Taylor (historian) |title=[[American Colonies]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Viking Press|Viking]] |date=2001 |page=283}}</ref> New York, interestingly enough, proved more tolerant with its Catholic governor, Thomas Dongan, and other Catholic officials.{{sfn|Middleton|2002|p=158}} Freedom of religion returned with the American Revolution.
In 1756, a Maryland Catholic official estimated seven thousand practicing Catholics in Maryland and three thousand in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Dale |last1=Taylor |title=The Writers' Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America, 1607–1783 |location=Cincinnati, Ohio |publisher=[[Writer's Digest Books]] |date=1997 |page=273 |url=https://archive.org/embed/writersguidetoev0000tayl |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The Williamsburg Foundation estimates in 1765 Maryland Catholics at 20,000 and 6,000 in Pennsylvania. The population of these colonies at the time was approximately 180,000 and 200,000, respectively. By the time the American War for Independence started in 1776, Catholics formed 1.6%, or 40,000 persons of the 2.5 million population of the 13 colonies.{{sfn|Middleton|2002|p=95–100, 145, 158, 159, 349n}}{{sfn|Maynard|1941|p=126}} Another estimate is 35,000 in 1789, 60% in Maryland with not many more than 30 priests.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Mark A. |last1=Noll |title=A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada |date=1992 |location=London |publisher=[[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]] |isbn=0-281-04693-X |url=https://archive.org/embed/historyofchristi0000noll |via=[[Internet Archive]] |page=205}}</ref> John Carroll, first Catholic Bishop, in 1785, two years after the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]], reported 24,000 registered communicants in the new country, of whom 90% were in Maryland and Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Faragher |first1=John Mack |author1-link=John Mack Faragher |title=The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America |url=https://archive.org/embed/encyclopediaofco00fara |location=New York |publisher=[[Da Capo Press]] |date=1996 |page=376 |isbn=0-306-80687-8 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
After the Revolution, Rome made entirely new arrangements for the creation of an American diocese under American bishops.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Breidenbach |first1=Michael |title=Conciliarism and the American Founding |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |date=July 2016 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=487–88 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.73.3.0467 |jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.73.3.0467 |s2cid=148090971 }}{{Cbignore}}</ref>{{sfn|Maynard|1941|p=155}} Numerous Catholics served in the American army and the new nation had very close ties with Catholic France.{{sfn|Maynard|1941|pp=126–142}} General George Washington insisted on toleration; for example, he issued strict orders in 1775 that "[[Pope's Day]]," the colonial equivalent of [[Guy Fawkes Night]], was not to be celebrated. European Catholics played major military roles, especially [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette]], [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau]], [[Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing]], [[Casimir Pulaski]] and [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]].{{sfn|Maynard|1941|pp=140–141}} Irish-born Commodore [[John Barry (naval officer)|John Barry]] from [[County Wexford|Co Wexford]], [[Ireland]], often credited as "the Father of the American Navy," also played an important military role.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Martin I. J. |last1=Griffin |title=Catholics and the American Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLQTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 |date=1909 |pages=1–7}}</ref> In a letter to Bishop Carroll, Washington acknowledged this unique contribution of French Catholics as well as the patriotic contribution of Carroll himself: "And I promise that your fellow-citizens will not forget the patriotic part which you took in the accomplishments of their Revolution, and the establishment of their government; nor the important assistance which they received from a nation in which the Roman Catholic religion is professed."{{sfn|Ellis|1969|p=39}}
Beginning in approximately 1780 there was a [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery#Emergence of the American Catholic Church|struggle]] between [[Trusteeism#United States|lay trustees]] and bishops over the ownership of church property, with the trustees losing control following the 1852 [[Plenary Councils of Baltimore]].<ref name="Howard C. Lee 1997 6">{{Cite book |first4=Howard C. |last4=Lee |first2=Emily |last2=Albu |first3=Carter |last3=Lindberg |first1=J. William |last1=Frost |first5=Dana L. |last5=Robert |display-authors=1 |title=Christianity: A Social and Cultural History |url=https://archive.org/embed/christianitysoci0000unse_l5d3 |edition=2nd |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=1997 |section=33. An American Roman Catholic Church |page=456 |isbn=978-0-13-578071-8 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
Historian Jay Dolan, writing on the colonial era in 2011, said:
:They had lived as second-class citizens, discriminated against politically, professionally, and socially. The revolution changed all this. New laws and new constitutions gave them religious freedom.... [leading] John Carroll to observe in 1779 that Roman Catholics are members of Congress, assemblies, and hold civil and military posts.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Jay P. |last1=Dolan |author1-link=Jay P. Dolan |title=The American Catholic Experience: A History from Colonial Times to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/americancatholic0000dola |date=2011 |pages=180–81 |publisher=Crown Publishing |isbn=9780307553898 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
President Washington promoted religious tolerance by proclamations and by publicly attending services in various Protestant and Catholic churches.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Paul F. |last1=Boller |title=George Washington and Religious Liberty |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |volume=17 |number=4 |date=October 1960 |pages=486–506 |publisher=Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture |jstor=1943414 |doi=10.2307/1943414 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The old colonial laws imposing restrictions on Catholics were gradually abolished by the states, and were prohibited in the new federal constitution.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=James |last1=MacCaffrey |author1-link=James MacCaffrey |title=History of the Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century (1789–1908) |publisher=M.H. Gill |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924092366404 |date=1910 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924092366404/page/n289 270] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
In 1787, two Catholics, [[Daniel Carroll]] of the Irish O'Carrolls and Irish born [[Thomas Fitzsimons]], helped draft the new [[United States Constitution]].{{sfn|Maynard|1941|pp=145–146}} John Carroll was appointed by the Vatican as Prefect Apostolic, making him superior of the missionary church in the thirteen states. He formulated the first plans for Georgetown University and became the first American bishop in 1789.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Catherine |last1=O'Donnell |title=John Carroll and the Origins of an American Catholic Church, 1783–1815 |journal=[[William and Mary Quarterly]] |volume=68 |number=1 |date=January 2011 |pages=101–126 |jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.68.1.0101 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.68.1.0101 |publisher=Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture }}{{Cbignore}}</ref>
===19th century===
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