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=== Media-driven dehumanization ===
The [[propaganda model]] of [[Edward S. Herman]] and [[Noam Chomsky]] argues that corporate media are able to carry out large-scale, successful dehumanization campaigns when they promote the goals (profit-making) that the corporations are contractually obliged to maximize.<ref name="Herman, S (1988)">Herman, Edward S., and Noam Chomsky. (1988). ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]: the Political Economy of the Mass Media''. New York: Pantheon. Page xli</ref><ref>Thomas Ferguson. (1987). ''Golden Rule: The Investment Theory of Party Competition and the Logic of Money-Driven Politics''</ref> [[State media]] are also capable of carrying out dehumanization campaigns, whether in democracies or dictatorships, which are pervasive enough that the population cannot avoid the dehumanizing [[meme]]s.<ref name="Herman, S (1988)" />
=== War propaganda ===
National leaders use dehumanizing propaganda to sway public opinion in favor of the military elite's agenda or cause and to repel criticism and proper oversight. The Bush Jr administration used dehumanizing rhetoric to describe Arabs and Muslims collectively as backwards, violent fanatics who "hate us for our freedom" to justify his invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq and covert CIA operations in the Middle East and Africa.<ref name="rg1">{{cite web |last1=Merskin |first1=Debra |title=The Construction of Arabs as Enemies: Post-September 11 Discourse of George W. Bush |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261572913_The_Construction_of_Arabs_as_Enemies_Post-September_11_Discourse_of_George_W_Bush |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> The media propaganda portrayed Arabs as a "monolithic evil" in the perception of the unwitting American public.<ref name="rg1"></ref> They employed news, media, language, magazine stories, television, and popular culture to portray all Muslims as Arab and all Arabs as violent terrorists which much be feared, fought, and destroyed. Racism was also used by portraying all Arabs as dark-skinned and thus racially inferior and untrustworthy.<ref name="rg1"></ref>
=== Non-state actors ===
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