Nondualism: Difference between revisions

Madhyamaka, also known as ''Śūnyavāda'' (the [[Śūnyatā|emptiness]] teaching), refers primarily to a [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] school of philosophy {{sfn|Williams|2000|p=140}} founded by [[Nāgārjuna]]. In Madhyamaka, ''Advaya'' refers to the fact that the [[Two truths doctrine|two truths]] are not separate or different.,{{sfn|Garfield|1995|pp=296, 298, 303}} as well as the non-dual relationship of [[samsara|s''aṃsāra'']] (the round of [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]] and [[Dukkha|suffering]]) and [[nirvana|''nirvāṇa'']] (cessation of suffering, [[Moksha|liberation]]).{{sfn|Espín|Nickoloff|2007|p=14}} According to Murti, in Madhyamaka, "Advaya" is an [[Epistemology|epistemological]] theory, unlike the metaphysical view of Hindu Advaita.{{sfn|Murti|2008|p=217}} Madhyamaka advaya is closely related to the classical Buddhist understanding that all things are impermanent (''[[anicca]]'') and devoid of "self" (''[[anatta]]'') or "essenceless" (''niḥsvabhāva''),{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2014|pp=42–43, 581}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Gombrich|title=Theravada Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-90352-8|page=47}}, '''Quote:''' "All phenomenal existence [in Buddhism] is said to have three interlocking characteristics: impermanence, suffering and lack of soul or essence."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Phra Payutto|author2=Grant Olson |title=Buddhadhamma: Natural Laws and Values for Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffsumKIixS8C&pg=PA62 |year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2631-9 |pages=62–63}}</ref> and that this emptiness does not constitute an "absolute" reality in itself.{{refn|group=note|See also [[Essence-Function|essence and function]] and [[Chinese Chán#Absolute-relative|Absolute-relative on Chinese Chán]]}}.