User:Jacqke/Traditional African lutes: Difference between revisions

Used in Morocco in possession ritual (''[[:de:Derdeba|Derdeba]]'') to invoke spirits.<ref group="note">[From German Wikipedia:] Derdeba , pl . Dradeb, also ''Lila'', ''Laila'' (Arabic for “night”), is a nightly religious ceremony of the Gnawa, a Sufi brotherhood in Morocco with origins in black African slaves. At the climax of the event, which is part of a possession cult, the spirits (jinn) that the patients believe are attacking them are supposed to be summoned and appeased through dances and the music of the plucked lute gimbri. </ref><ref>{{cite thesis |first=Maisie |last= Sum |title= Music of the Gnawa of Morocco: Evolving Spaces and Times |date= April 2012 |publisher= The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Music) The University of British Columbia (Vancouver) |place= Vancouver, British Columbia|url= https://scholar.archive.org/work/lpcioyudjrfrxmpipio74zm77y/access/wayback/https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/download/pdf/24/1.0058249/1 |pages= 17, 66-67|quote=The entire derdeba [lila] rests on the gumbri that evokes the genies and directs them on a fantastic cavalcade marked by the qarqab. The genies come at the call of the instrument and the bared feet of the moqaddem when he dances. [A moqaddem refers to a ritual officiant who is often a seer-therapist and/or medium. A '' m‘allem'' is a master musican, who is also male.] A good maalem and a good moqaddem are “hot” people that “induce ascent.” Their quality is measured by the number of adepts that fall in trance and are possessed as soon as they begin.}}</ref> Tunisian possession ritual called [[Stambali]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Watch: Tunisia's Stambeli Ritual (COSMOS Scene Report) Friday Mar 29th 2024 COSMOS |url= https://leguesswho.com/news/watch-tunisias-stambeli-ritual-cosmos-scene-report |quote= The ritual dance practice of Stambeli is a centuries old method to induce trance-like states through sound...a religious ritual mostly connected to Tunisia, but its roots go back to Mali and Niger, from where enslaved people were brought to Tunisia...The musical part of Stambeli is played with the "gumbri" – a traditional Tunisian string instrument – over the rhythm of the "chkackek".}}</ref>