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→Criticism: ''Included links and references for deontological, prima facie cold war and Robert L. Holmes in a new section for 'Ethical Objections"~~~~GCL |
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France has developed and maintained its own [[Force de frappe|nuclear deterrent]] under the belief that the United States will refuse to risk its own cities by assisting Western Europe in a nuclear war.<ref name="ullman1989">{{cite journal | jstor=1148862 | title=The Covert French Connection | author=Ullman, Richard H. | journal=Foreign Policy |date=Summer 1989 | volume=75 | issue=75 | pages=3–33| doi=10.2307/1148862 }}</ref>
===Ethical objections===
In the post [[cold war]] era, philosophical objections to the reliance upon deterrence theories in general have also been raised on purely [[ethical]] grounds. Scholars such as [[Robert L. Holmes]] have noted that the implementation of such theories is inconsistent with a fundamental [[deontological]] presumption which prohibits the killing of innocent life. Consequently, such theories are [[prima facie]] immoral in nature. In addition, he observes that deterrence theories serve to perpetuate a state of mutual assured destruction between nations over time. Holmes further argues that it is therefore both irrational and immoral to utilize a methodology for perpetuating international peace which relies exclusively upon the continuous development of new iterations of the very weapons which it is designed to prohibit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyers |first=Diana T. |date=1992 |title=Reviewed work: On War and Morality, Robert L. Holmes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2185583.pdf |journal=The Philosophical Review |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=481–484 |doi=10.2307/2185583 |jstor=2185583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rock |first=Stephen R. |date=1989 |title=Reviewed work: On War and Morality, Robert L. Holmes; Paths to Peace: Exploring the Feasibility of Sustainable Peace, Richard Smoke, Willis Harman |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1961738.pdf |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=1447–1448 |doi=10.2307/1961738 |jstor=1961738}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Steven |date=1992 |title=Reviewed work: On War and Morality., Robert L. Holmes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2216042.pdf |journal=Noûs |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=559–562 |doi=10.2307/2216042 |jstor=2216042}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Robert L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBoABAAAQBAJ&q=Robert+L.+Holms |title=On War and Morality |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6014-2}}</ref>
==See also==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
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