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Line 24: Laudanosine also occurs naturally in minute amounts (0.1%) in [[opium]], from which it was first isolated in 1871.<ref>{{cite book \|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=KxTKLlac60wC&pg=PA55&dq=laudanosine&sig=ACfU3U2OZxmvO0Pl8Jnp8KuGXHzMllcnQA#PPA48,M1 \|chapter=The Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids \|author=Burger A \|title=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology \|origyear=1954 \|year=2005 \|volume=4 \|editor=Manske RHF, Holmes HL (eds.) \|pages=p. 48 \|location=New York \|publisher=Academic Press \|isbn=0124695043}} Retrieved September 18, 2008 through [[Google Book Search]].</ref> Partial [[Dehydration reaction\|dehydrogenation]] of laudanosine will lead to [[papaverine]], the alkaloid found in the opium poppy plant (''Papaver somniferum''). Laudanosine is a [[benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline]] [[alkaloid]]. It has been shown to interact with [[GABA receptor]]s, [[opioid receptor]]s, and [[nicotinic acetylcholine receptor]]s,<ref name=Fodale/><ref>{{cite journal \|author=Katz Y, Weizman A, Pick CG, Pasternak GW, Liu L, Fonia O, Gavish M \|title=Interactions between laudanosine, GABA, and opioid subtype receptors: implication for laudanosine seizure activity \|journal= Brain Res \|volume=646 \|issue=2 \|pages=~~235-241~~235–241 \|year=1994 \|month=May \|pmid=8069669 \|doi=10.1016/0006-8993(94)90084-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author= Exley R, Iturriaga-Vásquez P, Lukas RJ, Sher E, Cassels BK, Bermudez I \|title=Evaluation of benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines as ligands for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors \|journal= Br J Pharmacol \|volume=146 \|issue=1 \|pages=~~15-24~~15–24 \|year=2005 \|month=Sep\|pmid=15980871 \|doi= 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706307 \|pmc= 1576253 }}</ref> but not benzodiazepinergic or muscarinic receptors which are also involved in epilepsy and other types of seizures.<ref>{{cite journal \|author= Katz Y, Gavish M \|title= Laudanosine does not displace receptor-specific ligands from the benzodiazepinergic or muscarinic receptors \|journal= Anesthesiol \|volume=70\|issue=1 \|pages= ~~109-111~~109–111 \|year=1989 \|month= Jan \|pmid= 2536252 \|doi= 10.1097/00000542-198901000-00020 }}</ref>

Laudanosine: Difference between revisions