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The use of '''[[energy]]''' has been a key in the development of the [[society|human society]] by helping it to control and adapt to the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]. Managing the use of energy is inevitable in any functional society. In the [[industrialization|industrialized world]] the development of energy resources has become essential for [[agriculture]], [[transport]]ation, [[sewage|waste collection]], [[information technology]], [[Telecommunication|communications]] that have become prerequisites of a developed society. The increasing use of energy since the [[Industrial Revolution]] has also brought with it a number of serious problems, some of which, such as [[global warming]], present potentially grave risks to the world.
In society and in the context of [[humanities]], the word ''energy'' is used as a synonym of [[Energy development|energy resources]], and most often refers to substances like [[fuels]], [[petroleum]] products and [[electricity]] in general. These are sources of ''usable energy'', in that they can be easily transformed to other kinds of energy sources that can serve a particular useful purpose. This difference vis a vis [[energy|energy in natural sciences]] can lead to some confusion, because energy resources are not conserved in nature in the same way as energy is conserved in the context of physics. The actual energy content is always conserved, but when it is converted into heat for example, it usually becomes less useful to society, and thus appears to have been ''used up''.
[[Image:Energy per capita.png|thumb|500px|[[World energy resources and consumption|Energy consumption]] in kilograms of oil equivalent (kgoe) per person per year per country (2001 data). Darker tones indicate larger consumption (dark grey areas are missing from the dataset). Red hue indicates increasing consumption, green hue indicates decreasing consumption, in the time between 1990 and 2001.]]
==Economics==
{{Main|Energy economics|Energy industry}}
[[Energy development|Production]] and [[World energy resources and consumption|consumption]] of energy resources is very important to the global economy. All economic activity requires energy resources, whether to [[manufacturing|manufacture]] goods, provide [[transport]]ation, run [[computer]]s and other [[machine]]s.
==Environment==
{{Main|Energy and the environment}}
Consumption of energy resources, (e.g. turning on a light) requires resources and has an effect on the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]. Many electric power plants burn coal, oil or natural gas in order to generate electricity for energy needs. While burning these fossil fuels produces a readily available and instantaneous supply of electricity, it also generates air pollutants including carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), sulfur dioxide and trioxide (SOx) and nitrogen oxides ([[NOx]]). Carbon dioxide is an important [[greenhouse gas]] which is thought to be responsible for some fraction of the rapid increase in [[global warming]] seen especially in the temperature records in the 20th century, as compared with tens of thousands of years worth of temperature records which can be read from ice cores taken in Arctic regions. Burning fossil fuels for electricity generation also releases trace metals such as beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, mercury, nickel, and silver into the environment, which also act as pollutants.
The large-scale use of [[renewable energy]] technologies would "greatly mitigate or eliminate a wide range of environmental and human health impacts of energy use".<ref name=WWS2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/WWSEnergyPolicyPtI.pdf |title=Providing all Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials |author=Jacobson, Mark Z. and Delucchi, Mark A. |date=2010 |work=Energy policy }}</ref><ref>[http://www.undp.org/energyandenvironment/ UNDP | Environment & Energy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Renewable energy technologies include [[biofuels]], [[solar heating and cooling]], [[hydroelectric power]], [[solar power]], and [[wind power]]. [[Energy conservation]] and the [[energy efficiency|efficient use of energy]] would also help.
==Management==
{{Main|Energy demand management}}
Since the cost of energy has become a significant factor in the performance of economy of societies, management of energy resources has become very crucial. Energy management involves utilizing the available energy resources more effectively that is with minimum incremental costs. Many times it is possible to save expenditure on energy without incorporating fresh [[technology]] by simple [[management]] techniques.<ref>[http://www.mepol.org/site180.php Energy Management :: MEPoL<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Most often energy management is the practice of using energy more efficiently by eliminating energy wastage or to balance justifiable energy demand with appropriate energy supply. The process couples energy awareness with [[energy conservation]].
==Politics==
{{Main|Energy policy|Energy security}}
Since now energy plays an essential role in [[industrial society|industrial societies]], the ownership and control of energy resources plays an increasing role in [[politics]]. At the national level, governments seek to influence the sharing (distribution) of energy resources among various sections of the society through pricing mechanisms; or even who owns resources within their borders. They may also seek to influence the use of energy by individuals and business in an attempt to tackle [[environmental issues]].
The most recent international political controversy regarding energy resources is in the context of the [[Iraq war]]s. Some political analysts maintain that the hidden reason for both 1991 and 2003 wars can be traced to [[strategy|strategic]] control of international energy resources.<ref>http://www.thepeakist.com/oil-and-empire-the-backstory-to-the-invasion-of-iraq/ Oil and Empire - the backstory to the invasion of Iraq</ref> Others counter this analysis with the numbers related to its economics. According to the latter group of analysts, U.S. has spent about $336 billion in Iraq<ref>[http://nationalpriorities.org/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=182 The War in Iraq Costs], A running total of the U.S. taxpayer cost to date of the Iraq War. The number is based on Congressional appropriations.</ref> as compared with a background current value of $25 billion per year budget for the entire U.S. oil import dependence<ref>[http://www.gravmag.com/oil.html Gibson Consulting] US OIL DEMAND, 2004.</ref>
{{See also|Energy wars}}
==Production==
{{Main|Energy industry|Energy development}}
Producing energy to sustain human needs is an essential social activity, and a great deal of effort goes into the activity. While most of such effort is limited towards increasing the production of [[electric power generation|electricity]] and [[oil exploration|oil]], newer ways of producing usable energy resources from the available energy resources are being explored. One such effort is to explore means of producing [[hydrogen fuel]] from water. Though hydrogen use is environmentally friendly, its production requires energy and existing technologies to make it, are not very efficient. Research is underway to explore [[enzymatic]] decomposition of biomass.<ref>[http://www.research.vt.edu/energy/reshydro.html Energy Task Force Resources - Hydrogen and Fuel Cells<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Other forms of conventional energy resources are also being used in new ways. [[Coal|Coal gasification and liquefaction]] are recent technologies that are becoming attractive after the realization that [[oil reserves]], at present consumption rates, may be rather short lived. See [[alternative fuels]].
==Transportation==
{{Main|Locomotives|Internal combustion|Engines|Alternative propulsion}}
All societies require materials and food to be transported over ''distances'', generally against some ''force'' of friction. Since application of force over distance requires the presence of a source of usable energy, such sources are of great worth in society.
While energy resources are an essential ingredient for all modes of [[transportation]] in society, the transportation of energy resources is becoming equally important. Energy resources are invariably located far from the place where they are consumed. Therefore their transportation is always in question. Some energy resources like liquid or gaseous fuels are transported using tankers or [[pipeline transport|pipelines]], while electricity transportation invariably requires a network of [[transmission grid|grid cables]]. The transportation of energy, whether by tanker, pipeline, or transmission line, poses challenges for scientists and engineers, policy makers, and economists to make it more risk-free and efficient.
==Energy crises==
[[File:Oil Prices 1861 2007.svg|right|thumb|400px|Oil prices from 1861 to 2007]]
Economic and political instability can lead to an [[energy crisis]]. Notable [[oil crisis|oil crises]] are the [[1973 oil crisis]] and the [[1979 oil crisis]]. The advent of [[peak oil]], the point in time when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, will likely precipitate another energy crisis.
==Usage==
{{Main|Construction|Electronics|Machines|Manufacturing|Telecommunication}}
Ever since humanity discovered various energy resources available in nature, it has been inventing devices, known as machines, that make life more comfortable by using energy resources. Thus, although the primitive man knew the utility of fire to cook food, the invention of devices like gas burners and [[microwave ovens]] has increased the usage of energy for this purpose alone manifold. The trend is the same in any other field of social activity, be it [[construction]] of social infrastructure, manufacturing of fabrics for covering; porting; [[printing]]; decorating, for example [[textiles]], [[air conditioning]]; [[communication]] of information or for moving people and goods ([[automobiles]]).
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:200
PlotArea = left:160 right:20 bottom:25 top:10
AlignBars = justify
Period = from:0 till:250
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ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:0
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10 start:0
PlotData =
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(0,-5)
bar:Proto-humans
from: 2 till: 0 color:claret
bar:Hunter-gatherer_society
from: 3 till: 0 color:claret
from: 5 till: 3 color:purple
bar:Primitive_agraricultural_society
from: 4 till: 0 color:claret
from: 8 till: 4 color:purple
from: 12 till: 8 color:green
bar:Advanced_agricultural_society
from: 6 till: 0 color:claret
from: 18 till: 6 color:purple
from: 25 till: 18 color:green
from: 26 till: 25 color:red
bar:Industrial_society
from: 7 till: 0 color:claret
from: 39 till: 7 color:purple
from: 63 till: 39 color:green
from: 77 till: 63 color:red
bar:Technological_society
from: 10 till: 0 color:claret text:Food
from: 76 till: 10 color:purple text:Home and commerce
from: 167 till: 76 color:green text:Industry and agriculture
from: 230 till: 167 color:red text:Transport
</timeline>
==See also==
{{Portal box|Sustainable development|Energy}}
{{div col}}
* [[Alternative energy]]
* [[Economics and energy]]
* [[Energetics]]
* [[Energy accounting]]
* [[Energy crisis]]
* [[Energy industry]]
* [[Energy quality]]
* [[Energy transformation]]
* [[List of countries by energy consumption per capita]]
* [[List of energy resources]]
* [[World energy resources and consumption]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Energy And Society}}
[[Category:Energy development]]
[[ar:طاقة (مجتمع)]]
[[ca:Energia (societat)]]
[[cs:Energetika]]
[[es:Energía (tecnología)]]
[[fr:Énergie (secteur économique)]]
[[hr:Energetika]]
[[ia:Energia (societate)]]
[[hu:Energetika]]
[[ja:エネルギー資源]]
[[pl:Energetyka]]
[[pt:Energia (sociedade)]]
[[ro:Energetică]]
[[ru:Энергия (общество)]]
[[simple:Energy (society)]]
[[sk:Energetika]]
[[sl:Energetika]]
[[sr:Енергетика]]
[[sv:Energisystem]]
[[ta:ஆற்றல் (சமூகம்)]]
[[uk:Енергетика]]
[[zh:能源]]
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