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But at the onset of the American Civil War, Lincoln's postmaster general, [[Montgomery Blair]] faced a federal postal system regionally disabled by seceding states and disloyal postmasters. To prevent possible fraud potentially amounting to $270,000 in postage and stamped envelopes held in the South, the existing stamps were withdrawn and demonetized, and a new series of stamps was hurriedly issued. With the previous contract ending June 10, 1861, the Post Office Department signed a contract with the National Bank Note Company of New York City. Loyal postmasters in seceded states returned stamps to the Department. The new stamps were in use across the Union by mid-August 1861 with the same denominations and honoring the same persons as the previous issue, but all of the designs had changed.<ref>"1861 Issues" [http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2027499 Smithsonian National Postal Museum]. viewed January 31, 2014.</ref>
Unlike most political appointees, Montgomery Blair took personal charge of the department, organizing an efficient system for the army and navy and abolishing the franking privilege for postmasters. He originated the new practices of free mail delivery and the sorting of mail on railway cars. He developed the return-receipt system for accountability, and innovated the money order system for soldiers to send and receive money from the field. Blair sponsored the first International Postal Congress in Paris in 1863.<ref>Smith, Elbert B., "[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdrYv7S60fgC&pg=PA112&dq=American+Civil+War+history+on+stamps&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AMoEU47TEOm4yAHFFw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwADgK#v=snippet&q=postage&f=false Montgomery Blair]", Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: a political, social and military history. {{ISBN |978-0-393-04758-5}}, p. 240, viewed February 19, 2014.</ref>
 
President Jefferson Davis had appointed [[John Henninger Reagan]] on March 6, 1861, to head the new Confederate States of America Post-office Department. The United States Post Office Department continued to handle the mail of the seceded states until June 1 when the Confederate Post office took over collection and delivery throughout the Confederacy, remaining in operation for the duration of the Civil War.<ref>"History of the Confederate States Post Office Service". [http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blmailus2b.htm New York Times; about.com]. Viewed January 31, 2014.</ref> The most immediate concerns of the Confederate postmaster general was the organization of his department and providing for the payment of postage so that it would become self-financing. While the recalled U.S. postage could no longer be used to carry the mail by the U.S. Post Office, the Confederacy did use "appropriated" United States postal stationery for some time. General Reagan claimed he never conferred official authority on postmasters to issue interim, "provisional" stamps, but they filled a need in the absence of national Confederate stamps (which were not issued until October, 1861) and stamped envelopes.<ref>Benjamin, Maynard H., [http://postalmuseum.si.edu/industrywhitepapers/EMA_History.pdf The History of Envelopes] 2002, Envelope Manufacturers Association and EMA Foundation for Paper-Based Communications. p.16. viewed February 22, 2014.</ref>
 
The eight United States postage stamps issued in 1861 pictured Washington (5), Franklin (2) and Jefferson (1), and envelopes signaled the sacredness of the Constitution and rebellion as treason. Confederate stamps pictured Washington, Jefferson, Jackson and Jefferson Davis (a stamp was printed depicting John C. Calhoun but was never put into use). Confederate envelopes focused on the Confederate flag and Jefferson Davis to foster a growth of Confederate nationalism, characterizing Lincoln as the anticonstitutionalist, the North as disloyal and the Southern attempt at nationhood as a renewal of the American Revolution. In the struggle for preserving their rights and liberties, George Washington was on their side.<ref>Boyd, Steven R. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tsPOCBTwUwsC&pg=PA20&dq=civil+war+stamps&hl=en&sa=X&ei=szEKU62JDsHV0gGGvoCoCA&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=civil%20war%20stamps&f=false Patriotic Envelopes of the Civil War: the iconography of Union and Confederate covers] 2010. {{ISBN |978-0-8071-3796-3}} p.28 viewed February 23, 2014.</ref>
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==== Union officers ====
 
During World War I, Theodore Roosevelt believed it to be a "bully" idea to issue a series of stamps honoring American military heroes. Nothing came of the suggestion until his stamp collecting cousin, Franklin Roosevelt was nearing the end of his first term. His Secretary of War recommended both Union and Confederate generals in the series. Political reaction delayed issue until after election. The opposition was primarily from Northern Republicans against the Confederate choices, and Lost Cause southerners against the Union choices.<ref>Marszalek, John. "Philatelic Pugilists" in Herman Hattaway and Ethan S. Rafuse. [https://books.google.com/books?id=47oEszn2AmMC&pg=PA138&dq=civil+war+stamps&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7yUKU_HAFOjL0wHRkoCgDw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=civil%20war%20stamps&f=false The Ongoing Civil War: New Versions of Old Stories] 2004 {{ISBN |978-0-8262-6253-0}}, pp.128. Viewed February 23, 2014</ref>
Today stamp collectors from North and South include both Grant-Sherman-Sheridan and Lee-Jackson stamps in their collections. In the 1990s Civil War series, no state legislature objected to Sherman as a villain as some protested for the 1937 issue. The healing process continued.<ref>Marszalek, John. "Philatelic Pugilists" in Herman Hattaway and Ethan S. Rafuse. [https://books.google.com/books?id=47oEszn2AmMC&pg=PA138&dq=civil+war+stamps&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7yUKU_HAFOjL0wHRkoCgDw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=civil%20war%20stamps&f=false The Ongoing Civil War: New Versions of Old Stories] 2004 {{ISBN |978-0-8262-6253-0}}, p. 138. Viewed February 23, 2014</ref>
[[File:Sherman Grant Sheridan 1937 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|<center>Sherman, Grant, Sheridan</center>]]
* [[Ulysses S. Grant]] was a winning general in the western theater throughout the Mississippi River Valley, promoted to commanding general of the union armies to lead the advance through the [[Overland Campaign|Virginia Wilderness]], the siege of Richmond to [[Battle of Appomattox Court House|Lee's surrender]] at Appomattox. His philosophy of war was to "keep the enemy under relentless pressure at all points and to fight whenever opportunity offered."<ref>Keegan, John. "The American Civil War: a military history" (2009) {{ISBN |978-0-307-26343-8}}, p. 329</ref> He was subsequently elected to two terms as U.S. President during Congressional Reconstruction.
:- [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] gained fame as Grant's lieutenant in the western theater, then launched his [[Sherman's March to the Sea|March to the Sea]] through Georgia, turning north through the Carolinas. His determination to attack the spirit of the Southern people was "an entirely novel approach to war making."<ref name="Keegan, John p. 330">Keegan, John. "American Civil War: a military history" op. cit., p. 330</ref>
:- [[Philip Sheridan]] was the Union cavalry commander who finally secured the Valley of Virginia, the breadbasket supplying Richmond and Petersburg throughout their siege. He demonstrated unequalled powers of leadership, "by personal example and vivid inspiration".<ref name="Keegan, John p. 330"/> 1937 issue. {{clear}}
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[[Sojourner Truth]] was featured as a human rights activist in the Black Heritage Series. During the Civil War she recruited black troops for the Union Army; her grandson enlisted in the [[54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry|54th Massachusetts]]. In 1864, she worked for the National Freedman's Relief Association in Washington DC. 1986 issue.
 
[[Harriet Tubman]] was featured in the Civil War commemorative sheet of 20. Tubman, "Moses", was a conductor on the Underground Railroad, recruited for [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] and served as a Union spy.<ref>"Tubman, Harriet", Webster's Guide to American History" 1971. G. & C. Merriam Company, Publishers. SBN 87779-081-7. pp.1282.</ref> 1995 issue.<ref name="United States Stamps 2012. p. 227">Scott 2013 Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps & Covers. 2012. {{ISBN |0-89487-475-6}}, "Civil War" A2289 p. 227.</ref>
[[Mary Chesnut]] was featured in the Civil War commemorative sheet of 20. Chesnut was a Confederate diarist, married to [[James Chesnut, Jr.|James]], a U.S. Senator, signer of the Confederate Constitution and army general. Chestnut criticized both slavery and "Yankee interference", "Think of all these young lives sacrificed!"<ref>Harrison, Jennifer. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SdrYv7S60fgC&pg=PA112&dq=American+Civil+War+history+on+stamps&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AMoEU47TEOm4yAHFFw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwADgK%23v=snippet&q=alcott&f=false%20Louisa%20May%20Alcott%5D#v=snippet&q=Mary%20Chestnut&f=false Mary Boykin Chestnut]", Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: a political, social and military history. Op.cit., pp. 424, viewed February 20, 2014.</ref> 1995 issue.<ref name="United States Stamps 2012. p. 227"/>
[[Phoebe Pember]] was featured in the Civil War commemorative sheet of 20. Pember served as a nurse and Confederate hospital administrator for 15,000 patients in Richmond. Hancock 1995 issue.<ref name="United States Stamps 2012. p. 227"/>
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{{double image|right|Fort Sumter Centennial 1961-4c.jpg|210|First Bull Run 2011 U.S. stamp.jpg|240|<center>[[Battle of Fort Sumter]] 1861|<center>[[Battle of First Bull Run|First Bull Run]] 1861</center>}}
* [[Battle of Fort Sumter|Fort Sumter]] is considered the first battle of the American Civil War. Confederate firing on the Union flag led to Lincoln's call up of volunteers to restore U.S. possession of its forts and property throughout the South. 1961 issue.
* [[First Battle of Bull Run|First Bull Run]] (First Manassas). The Bull Run stamp commemorates the first major battle near Manassas, Virginia. It reproduces a 1964 painting by Sidney E. King, “The Capture of Rickett's Battery,” showing the fighting on Henry Hill over an important Union battery. The Union troops are shown fleeing their position in a rout back to Washington DC.<ref>”[https://store.usps.com/store/browse/productDetailSingleSku.jsp?productId=P_842391&categoryId=subcatGFS_AP_FramesFramedArt 1861 Battle of First Bull Run Framed Art]”, USPS.com, viewed April 1, 2014.</ref> Union advance onto Richmond was repelled with losses larger than any in the Mexican War, steeling both sides for a long conflict. Tellingly, Confederates could not follow up on their victory and the Union did not withdraw from its occupation.<ref>Keegan, John. "The American Civil War: a military history", op. cit., pp. 115.</ref> 2011 issue.<ref>Scott 2013 Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps & Covers. 2012. {{ISBN |0-89487-475-6}}, "Civil War Sesquicentennial" A3452 p. 310</ref> {{clear}}
 
{{double image|right|Battle of Shiloh2 1962 Issue-4c.jpg|210|New Orleans capture 2012 U.S. stamp.jpg|240|<center>[[Battle of Shiloh]] 1862|<center>[[Capture of New Orleans]] 1862</center>}}
* The [[Battle of Shiloh]] secured the Union advance up the Tennessee River and secured Grant's reputation in the Western Theater.<ref>Keegan, John. "The American Civil War: a military history", op. cit., pp. 133.</ref> 1962 issue.
* [[Capture of New Orleans|New Orleans]] capture was an important Union naval victory over Confederate ironclad and gunboats. It placed the Confederacy’s most vital port in Union hand, impacting affecting trade, finance, and shipbuilding. The stamp reproduces an 1862 colored lithograph by Currier & Ives titled “The Splendid Naval Triumph on the Mississippi, April 24th, 1862.”<ref name="The Civil War: 1862 stamps">”[https://store.usps.com/store/browse/productDetailSingleSku.jsp?productId=S_577044 The Civil War: 1862 stamps]”, [USPS.com], viewed April 1, 2014.</ref> The port was a Union military staging area, terminal on the Underground railroad, and the important food growing region supported Union armies.<ref>Keegan, John. "The American Civil War: a military history", op. cit., pp. 139.</ref> It was excluded from the Emancipation Proclamation. 2012 issue.<ref>Scott 2013 Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps & Covers. 2012. {{ISBN |0-89487-475-6}}, "Civil War Sesquicentennial" A3556 p. 317</ref> {{clear}}
 
{{double image|right|Antietam battle 2012 U.S. stamp.jpg|240|Gettysburg Centennial 1963-5c.jpg|220|<center>[[Battle of Antietam]] 1862|<center>[[Battle of Gettysburg]] 1863</center>}}
* The [[Battle of Antietam]] in 1862 was one of the most important military operations of the entire Civil War. The reversal of Confederate fortunes gave a tremendous boost to Northern morale and forestalled foreign recognition of the Confederate states. The stamp reproduces an 1887 painting by Thure de Thulstrup, one of a series of popular prints commissioned in the 1880s by Boston publisher Louis Prang & Co. to commemorate the Civil War.<ref name="The Civil War: 1862 stamps"/> Antietam was the Union victory signaling Lincoln's preliminary [[Emancipation Proclamation]] announcing freedom to the slaves in areas of rebellion. It saw the largest number of casualties for a single-day's battle.<ref>Keegan, John. "The American Civil War: a military history", op. cit., pp. 169.</ref> 2012 issue.<ref>Scott 2013 Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps & Covers. 2012. {{ISBN |0-89487-475-6}}, "Civil War Sesquicentennial" A3557 p. 317.</ref>
* [[Battle of Gettysburg]] is considered the military turning point of the Civil War. It resulted in the largest number of casualties over three days' fighting. Turning back Lee's invasion of the North spelled the end of Confederate hopes for international recognition.<ref>Keegan, John. "The American Civil War: a military history", op. cit., pp. 201.</ref> 1963 issue.{{clear}}
 
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[[File:Appomattox Centennial 1965 issue--5c.jpg|thumb|150px|<center>[[Battle of Appomattox Court House|Appomattox surrender]]</center>]]
[[Battle of Appomattox Court House|Appomattox surrender]] followed Confederate evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond. Lee's remnant army was surrounded without supply of food or ammunition.<ref>Keegan, John. "The American Civil War: a military history", op. cit., pp. 348.</ref> Terms were generous, contributing to the nation's healing following civil war.<ref>Wink, Jay. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2J_wP9WGsjcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=April+1865&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kXIIU_2eL8KsyAG10IHADA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=April%201865&f=false April 1865: the month that saved America] 2002 {{ISBN |978-0-06-093088-2}}.</ref> 1965 issue. {{clear}}
 
The [[Battle of Hampton Roads]] between the Monitor and Merrimac (Virginia), Battle of Shiloh, [[Battle of Chancellorsville]] and Battle of Gettysburg were featured in the Civil War commemorative sheet of 20. 1995 issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=193091&img=1&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2043413|title=American Civil War Issue|accessdate=2014-03-18}}</ref>
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==== Reconstruction ====
 
Modern historians date Reconstruction from 1863 to 1877. This period witnessed national efforts to integrate the former slaves into American society through the "Civil War" or [[Reconstruction Amendments]], as freedmen in the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]], as citizens in every state in the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]], and as voters in the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth Amendment]]. The Thirteenth Amendment was sent to the states before Lincoln's assassination, the Fourteenth passed over Johnson's active opposition, the Fifteenth passed during Grant's administration.<ref>Foner, Eric. (1988) "Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution: 1863–1877. {{ISBN |978-0-06-093716-4}}</ref>
[[File:Lincoln Johnson Grant 1938 Issue.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Lincoln, Johnson, Grant]]
* [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]] oversaw reconstruction in those states and places that were not included in the Emancipation Proclamation, Tennessee, parts of Louisiana, Virginia.
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{{double image|right|Kansas Territory centennial stamp 1954 issue.jpg|210|Stamp-kansas-statehood.jpg|220|<center>Kansas territorial centennial 1954|<center>Kansas statehood, January 29, 1861</center>}}
* [[Kansas Territory]] had applied for statehood as a slave state by a constitutional procedure wracked by violence and corruption, [[Bleeding Kansas]]. The House of Representatives voted down President Buchanan's proposal for a slave-state.<ref>Freehling, William W., "The Road to Disunion: secessionists triumphant 1854–1861" {{ISBN |978-0-19-505815-4}}, pp. 131</ref> 1954 issue.<ref>"Kansas Territory Issue", Scott 2013 Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps & Covers. op.cit., A508, p.110.</ref>
* [[Kansas in the American Civil War|Kansas]] was admitted to the Union as a free-soil state amidst states declaring secession and before Confederates fired the first shot on Fort Sumter. Kansas was said to be a cause for Virginia's secession.<ref>Freehling, William W., "The Road to Disunion: secessionists triumphant 1854–1861" {{ISBN |978-0-19-505815-4}}, p. 511</ref> 1961 issue.<ref>"Kansas Statehood 100th Anniversary", Scott 2013 Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps & Covers. op.cit., A621, p.118.</ref> {{clear}}
 
{{double image|right|Lincoln Douglas debates of 1858 1958 Issue-4c.jpg|220|Credo Lincoln.JPG|220|<center>Lincoln-Douglas debates|<center>"Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves."</center>}}
* [[Lincoln-Douglas debates]] were republished widely as literature for Lincoln's presidential campaign. In Douglas' "Norfolk Doctrine" during his campaign swing through the South he promised resistance to secession by force. In the event, Douglas raised troops for "Lincoln's army" throughout Illinois following the firing on Fort Sumter.<ref>Bowman, Shearer Davis. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ARI1y0bu8UMC&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=douglas+norfolk+doctrine&source=bl&ots=x6UdaSbcME&sig=t3nsFY0MgZEpgKaYbPZY8dqrjzk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=69UIU9TnILXNsQS4-4DgAQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=douglas%20norfolk%20doctrine&f=false At the Precipice:] Americans North and South During the Secession Crisis. {{ISBN |978-0-8078-9567-2}} p.&nbsp;142–144.</ref> 1958 issue.
* American Credo quote from letter to H.L. Pierce, April 6, 1859. 1960 issue. Many of Lincoln's letters were meant for publication and found their way into the press. {{clear}}
 
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{{double image|right|WVaCent.jpg|218|Nevada statehood 1964 stamp.tiff|220|<center>West Virginia statehood, June 20, 1863|<center>Nevada statehood, October 31, 1864</center>}}
* [[West Virginia in the American Civil War|West Virginia]] was established by loyalist Virginians in Constitutional Convention and accepted by Congress into the Union in 1863.<ref>Coulter, E. Merton. "The Confederate States of America 1861–1865. (1950) {{ISBN |978-0-8071-0007-3}} , p.42.</ref> 1963 issue.<ref>"West Virginia Statehood, 100th Anniv.", Scott 2013 Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps & Covers. op.cit., A664, p.121.</ref>
* [[Nevada in the American Civil War|Nevada]] experienced a silver rush (the [[Comstock Lode]]) which led to its statehood before accumulating the population of earlier states. 1964 issue.<ref>"Nevada Statehood, 100th Anniv.", Scott 2013 Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps & Covers. op.cit., A680, p.122.</ref> {{clear}}
 
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{{double image|right|Samuel FB Morse 1940 Issue-2c.jpg|150|Eli Whitney 1940 Issue-1c.jpg|150|<center>Samuel Morse|<center>Eli Whitney</center>}}
* [[Samuel Morse]] invented the telegraph which allowed Lincoln to listen in on direct communications among army generals from his office in the Army Department.<ref>Goodwin, Doris Kearns. "Team of Rivals: the political genius of Abraham Lincoln" (2006) {{ISBN |978-1-4165-4983-3}}, p.277.</ref> Grant used the telegraph to communicate instantaneously with his divisional commanders in the field, setting up telegraph wires at the end of each day's march.<ref>Keegan, John. "The American Civil War: a military history" (2009) {{ISBN |978-0-307-26343-8}}, p.98, 328.</ref> 1940 issue.
* [[Eli Whitney]] invented interchangeable parts in rifled musket manufacture for the Union and supervised machinery in Connecticut.<ref>"Whitney, Eli." Webster's Guide to American History" 1971. op.cit. p.1324.</ref> Field blacksmiths could salvage unbroken parts from a battlefield for immediate reissue in Union armies. Whitney's technological gift was equally crucial to the Confederacy: his invention of the cotton gin transformed cotton into a viable commercial product, fostering an enormous growth of the Southern slave-based agricultural economy through which the C. S. A. hoped to thrive as a self-sufficient nation.<ref>[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3497 New Georgia Encyclopedia: Eli Whitney in Georgia]. Accessed March 6, 2014.</ref> 1940 issue. {{clear}}
 
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Prominent authors of the Civil War generation later were commemorated in stamps in view of their important career-long contributions to American literature. Several [[Transcendentalism|Transcentendalist]] authors promoted immediate abolition and war. Some authors served as nurses, or wrote without any direct participation in the conflict.
 
"Transcendental" generation, born 1792 to 1821. As a generation in their twenties they provided the original core of the 1830s evangelical and abolitionist movements. Their extremism, whether of William Lloyd Garrison or Nat Turner, ended any attempt at the compromises by the "old men" meeting with Lincoln in the Willard Hotel on the eve of Fort Sumter. At the onset of the Civil War, they were in their fifties, Massachusetts "Black Republicans", and South Carolina "Fire Eaters", "fully prepared to shed younger blood to attain what they knew was right." In their old age, they watched Reconstruction disintegrate and youthful causes fall into scorn.<ref>Strauss, William and Neil Howe. "Generations: the history of America's future, 1584–2069" (1991) {{ISBN |0-688-11912-3}} (pbk) p.191, 196.</ref>
{{triple image|right|RalphWaldoEmerson-1940.jpg|150|1958 CPA 2127.jpg|150|Thoreau1967stamp.jpg|150|<center>Ralph Waldo Emerson|<center>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow|<center>Henry David Thoreau</center>}}
 
* [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] wrote [[The Conduct of Life]] about current issues as an Abolitionist. He embraced war for a national rebirth.<ref>"Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Webster's Guide to American History" 1971. op.cit., pp. 942.</ref> As civil war approached, he accepted political means could not redress immoral law. His "Lecture on slavery" was moderately anti-slavery, but at war, he said the South should be "pounded instead of negotiated into a peace."<ref>Pannapacker, William A., [https://books.google.com/books?id=SdrYv7S60fgC&pg=PA112&dq=American+Civil+War+history+on+stamps&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AMoEU47TEOm4yAHFFw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwADgK#v=snippet&q=emerson&f=false Ralph Waldo Emerson]", Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: a political, social and military history. {{ISBN |978-0-393-04758-5}}, pp. 652, viewed February 19, 2014.</ref> 1940 issue.
* [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] during the 1860s supported abolitionism and after the Civil War hoped for reconciliation among the states.<ref>"Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. Webster's Guide to American History" 1971. op.cit., pp. 1092.</ref> Wrote "Poems on Slavery". A personal friend of [[Charles Sumner]]. His eldest son joined the Union army.<ref>Harrison, Jennifer., [https://books.google.com/books?id=SdrYv7S60fgC&pg=PA112&dq=American+Civil+War+history+on+stamps&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AMoEU47TEOm4yAHFFw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=longfellow&f=false Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]", Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: a political, social and military history. Op.cit., pp. 1212, viewed February 19, 2014.</ref> USSR 1958 issue.
* [[Henry David Thoreau]] wrote [[A Plea for Captain John Brown]], leading Abolitionists to accept Brown as a martyr; armies of the North [[John Brown's Body|sang Brown's praises]] on the march.<ref>"Thoreau, Henry David. Webster's Guide to American History" 1971. op.cit., pp. 1273.</ref> 1967 issue.{{clear}}
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*[[James Russell Lowell#The war years and beyond|James Russell Lowell]] Poet, Aboltionist after 1845. Succeeded Longfellow as professor of modern languages at Harvard, published ''Atlantic Monthly''. Second series of ''Biglow Papers'' published in the Atlantic during the Civil War.<ref>"Lowell, James Russell." Webster's Guide to American History" 1971. op.cit. pp.1094.</ref> 1940 issue. {{clear}}
 
"Gilded" generation, born 1822 to 1842. The same generation who flocked to the California gold rush in their teens were most of the actual participants and combat casualties of the American Civil War. They expected a quick adventure, perhaps glory or profit besides. They would settle all the thundering hatred of their parents abolitionists and 'southrons' and then proceed with the settlement of the western frontier. For Gilded blacks, the war was a march toward "flesh-and-blood freedom". In their old age these Gilded would "later turn bitterly cynical about passionate crusades."<ref>Strauss, William and Neil Howe. "Generations: the history of America's future, 1584–2069" (1991) {{ISBN |0-688-11912-3}} (pbk) p.191, 208.</ref>
{{double image|right|Walt Whitman, 1940.JPG|160|Louisa May Alcott 5c 1940 issue.JPG|160|<center>Walt Whitman|<center>Louisa May Alcott</center>}}
 
* [[Walt Whitman#Civil War years|Walt Whitman]] served as a nurse in Union hospitals around DC and wrote, "The great army of the sick".<ref>"Whitman, Walter. Webster's Guide to American History" 1971. op.cit., pp. 1323.</ref> Though "To Thee Old Cause" called for war as a rite of national purification from materialism and political corruption, Whitman was not an abolitionist, believing North and South reconcilable. "Beat! Beat! Drums!" was a call to arms following the First Bull Run disaster. "Drum-Taps" transitions to grief for the wounded and dying. "Sequel" contained tributes to Lincoln's martyrdom.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdrYv7S60fgC&pg=PA112&dq=American+Civil+War+history+on+stamps&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AMoEU47TEOm4yAHFFw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=whitman&f=false Walt Whitman], Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: a political, social and military history. {{ISBN |978-0-393-04758-5}}, pp. 2101, viewed February 19, 2014.</ref> 1948 issue.
* [[Louisa May Alcott#Literary success|Louisa May Alcott]] served as a nurse in a Georgetown, DC hospital, wrote for the ''Atlantic'' and abolitionist ''Commonwealth'' magazines exposing hospital conditions.<ref>"Alcott, Louisa May". "Webster's Guide to American History" 1971. op.cit., p. 806.</ref> Earlier wrote pro-abolitionist poem, "With a rose, that bloomed on the day of John Brown's Martyrdom", and later, "Little Women" of a northern family with a war-absent patriarch.<ref>Marten, James. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SdrYv7S60fgC&pg=PA112&dq=American+Civil+War+history+on+stamps&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AMoEU47TEOm4yAHFFw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwADgK#v=snippet&q=alcott&f=false Louisa May Alcott], Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: a political, social and military history. {{ISBN |978-0-393-04758-5}}, pp. 27, viewed February 19, 2014.</ref> 1940 issue. {{clear}}
 
{{double image|right|Samuel L Clemens4 1940 Issue-10c.jpg|150|Emily Dickinson stamp 8c.jpg|150|<center>Samuel L. Clemens|<center>Emily Dickinson</center>}}
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;Civil War on stamps and envelopes
*Benjamin, Maynard H., [http://postalmuseum.si.edu/industrywhitepapers/EMA_History.pdf The History of Envelopes] 2002, Envelope Manufacturers Association and EMA Foundation for Paper-Based Communications. For political impacts of postal system, unifying but also dividing the nation.-- chapters on "prelude to war", "wanted:riders" and "the war begins".
*Boyd, Steven R. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tsPOCBTwUwsC&pg=PA20&dq=civil+war+stamps&hl=en&sa=X&ei=szEKU62JDsHV0gGGvoCoCA&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=civil%20war%20stamps&f=false Patriotic Envelopes of the Civil War: the iconography of Union and Confederate covers] 2010. {{ISBN |978-0-8071-3796-3}}
*Boyd, Steven R., "The Medium is the Message: Union Civil War Patriotic Envelopes and their Impact, 1861–1865" [http://postalmuseum.si.edu/symposium2006/abstracts.html Winton M. Blount Symposium on Postal History, November 3-4, 2006.] Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Washington, D.C. Abstracts of Papers and Panels.
*[http://chnm.gmu.edu/staff/sheila/lot49/ch4_viewingamericainstamps.pdf Chapter 4: Shaping National Identity with Commemoratives, 1920s-30s] (2006) "Viewing American Stamps" George Mason University. Viewed February 22, 2014.
*Charles, Harry K., [http://stamps.org/userfiles/file/symposium/presentations/CharlesPaper.pdf "American Civil War Postage Due: North and South"], Postal History Symposium, Nov. 2012. Viewed February 19, 2014.
*Dodson, Larry (2006). [http://americantopicalassn.org/pdf/pr/061004-CivilWar.pdf A Philatelic Tour of the American Civil War (also known as the War between the States)]. ATA Handbook 155. Arlington, TX: American Topical Association. Single and multiple battles, one hundred Confederate and Union personages with biographies. Transportation section identifies trains, ships and even an ambulance. Flags, uniforms and places are followed by a section of literature and films, composers, authors, poets and sculptors that reflect some aspect of the Civil War.
*Hattaway, Herman and Ethan S. Rafuse. [https://books.google.com/books?id=47oEszn2AmMC&pg=PA138&dq=civil+war+stamps&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7yUKU_HAFOjL0wHRkoCgDw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=civil%20war%20stamps&f=false The Ongoing Civil War: New Versions of Old Stories] 2004 {{ISBN |978-0-8262-6253-0}}. For information concerning individual stamps and collectors interpretations.
*Marszalek, John F. "Philatelic pugilists: the 1937 Civil War stamp battle demonstrated the longevity of the South's memory" in Columbiad: a quarterly review of the war between the states. vol. 3 no. 2 (Summer 1999), p. [146]-157.
*National Postal Museum. [http://npm.si.edu/civilwar/ The Civil War: 10 years]. Viewed February 19, 2014. For portions of the exhibit ''A Nation Divided'' available online.
*Snee, Charles. ed., [http://www.amazon.com/Specialized-Catalogue-United-States-Indies-Guam-Hawaii-United/dp/0894874756 Scott's Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps & Covers], 2012, {{ISBN |0-89487-475-6}}. Comprehensively lists the issues of U.S. postage stamps for the United States and the Confederate States.
*{{cite book |first=Larry |last=Dodson |title=A Philatelic Tour of the American Civil War (also known as the War between the States) |series=ATA Handbook 155 |location=Arlington, TX |publisher=American Topical Association |year=2006}}
*Time-Life Books. (1995) The Civil War : a collection of U.S. commemorative stamps. Alexandria VA. {{ISBN |978-0-8094-9191-9}}.
*U.S. Postal Service. 1994. "Civil War: 1861, the war between the states, 1865."
*Worldcat. [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=su%3AUnited+States+History+Civil+War%2C+1861-1865+On+postage+stamps.&qt=hot_subject United States History Civil War, 1861–1865 on postage stamps] there are thirteen entries. viewed February 13, 2013.
;General
*Bowman, Shearer Davis. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ARI1y0bu8UMC&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=douglas+norfolk+doctrine&source=bl&ots=x6UdaSbcME&sig=t3nsFY0MgZEpgKaYbPZY8dqrjzk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=69UIU9TnILXNsQS4-4DgAQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=douglas%20norfolk%20doctrine&f=false At the Precipice:] Americans North and South During the Secession Crisis. (2010) {{ISBN |978-0-8078-9567-2}}. For perspectives on the run up to the American Civil War in politics and culture.
*Coulter, E. Merton. "The Confederate States of America 1861–1865. (1950) {{ISBN |978-0-8071-0007-3}}. vol. VII. History of the South, Louisiana State University. For general history of the Confederacy and events surrounding its existence.
*Craven, Avery O. "The growth of Southern nationalism 1848–1861" (1953) {{ISBN |978-0-8071-0006-6}} vol. VI. History of the South, Louisiana State University. For Intellectual and political developments and events leading up to the American Civil War.
*Foner, Eric. (1988) "Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution: 1863–1877. {{ISBN |978-0-06-093716-4}} For an understanding of Reconstruction reaching across the administrations of Lincoln, Johnson and Grant.
*Freehling, William W., [http://www.amazon.com/The-Road-Disunion-Volume-Secessionists/dp/B006LWGPSW The road to disunion: secessionists triumphant: 1854–1861] 2007. {{ISBN |978-0-19-505815-4}}. For perspectives on the run up to the American Civil War in politics and culture.
*Goodwin, Doris Kearns. "Team of Rivals: the political genius of Abraham Lincoln" (2006) {{ISBN |978-1-4165-4983-3}}. For Lincoln's use of the Telegraph.
*Hiedler, David Stephen, Jeanne T. Heidler, and David J. Coles, eds. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: a political, social and military history. 2002. {{ISBN |978-0-393-04758-5}}. For biographies of civil war personalities.
*Keegan, John. [http://www.amazon.com/The-American-Civil-War-Military/dp/0307274934 The American Civil War: a military history]. 2009. {{ISBN |978-0-307-26343-8}}. For a survey of the Civil War and the military significance of various aspects of it.
*Straus, William & Neil Howe. [http://www.amazon.com/Generations-History-Americas-Future-1584/dp/0688119123 Generations: the history of America's future, 1584 to 2069]. 1991. {{ISBN |0-688-11912-3}} paper. For general discussion of the secular crisis in American history that was the American Civil War. For important American personages from the "Transcendental Generation" born 1792 to 1821, and from the "Gilded Generation" born from 1822 to 1842.
*Wills, Gary. [http://www.amazon.com/Lincoln-Gettysburg-America-Schuster-Library/dp/0743299639 Lincoln at Gettysburg: the words that remade America] (2006) {{ISBN |978-0-7432-9963-3}}. For an investigation into the cultural significance of the Gettysburg Address.
*Webster's Guide to American History" 1971. G. & C. Merriam Company, Publishers. SBN 87779-081-7. For general biographical references independent of WP biography citations.
*Wink, Jay. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2J_wP9WGsjcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=April+1865&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kXIIU_2eL8KsyAG10IHADA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=April%201865&f=false April 1865: the month that saved America] 2002 {{ISBN |978-0-06-093088-2}}. For an explanation of how The Surrender terms made it possible for the nation to reunite after a civil war.
 
== External links ==
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War_on_postage_stamps"