Canadian corporate law: Difference between revisions

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:* It can be potentially used by any stakeholder to deal with any type of unfair conduct by a corporation<ref>{{cite web|title = The Oppression Remedy in Canada|url = http://www.mcmillan.ca/94283|publisher = [[McMillan LLP]]|date = July 2009|accessdate = {{date|2013-7-2}}}}</ref>
:* It can cover an affiliate not incorporated under the same Act<ref>{{cite web|author1 = Robert D. Chapman|author2 = Edward P. Kerwin|title = CBCA Oppression Remedy Extends to Non-CBCA Affiliate|url = http://mccarthy.ca/article_detail.aspx?id=4128|publisher = [[McCarthy Tétrault]]|date = {{date|2008-8-28}}|accessdate = {{date|2013-7-2}}|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213031711/http://mccarthy.ca/article_detail.aspx?id=4128|archive-date = 2013-12-13|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite CanLII|litigants=Manufacturers Life Insurance Company v. AFG Industries Ltd.|link=|year=2008|court=onsc|num=873|format=canlii|pinpoint=|parallelcite=44 BLR (4th) 277 |date=2008-01-17|courtname=auto|juris=}}</ref>
:* It has been used to enforce unpaid judgments against the corporation's directors, where the corporation had been subject to [[asset stripping]]<ref>{{cite web|author = Mark A. Wiffen|title = Getting blood from a stone – enforcing unpaid corporate judgments against directors |url = http://www.mcmillan.ca/getting-blood-from-a-stone--enforcing-unpaid-corporate-judgments-against-directors|publisher = [[McMillan LLP]]|year = 2011|accessdate = {{date|2013-7-2}}}}</ref>
:* It has also been used in conjunction with other remedies {{emdash}} including the threatened winding up of a company by the court {{emdash}} in order to resolve shareholder disputes in closely held companies.<ref>{{cite web|author = Stephen Antle|title = Oppression, just and equitable winding-up and the family company|url = http://www.blg.com/en/newsandpublications/documents/publication348_EN.pdf|publisher = [[Borden Ladner Gervais]]|accessdate = {{date|2013-7-3}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite CanLII|litigants=Safarik v. Ocean Fisheries Ltd.|link=|year=1995|court=bcca|num=6269|format=canlii|pinpoint=|parallelcite=22 BLR (2d) 1; 12 BCLR (3d) 342|date=1995-09-20|courtname=auto|juris=}}</ref>
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:* special requirements of the listing exchange (either the [[Toronto Stock Exchange]] or the [[TSX Venture Exchange]]).
 
Relatively little litigation has taken place in this matter in the Canadian courts.<ref>{{cite journal|author = Christopher C. Nicholls|title = Lock-Ups, Squeeze-Outs, and Canadian Takeover Bid Law: A Curious Interplay of Public and Private Interests|url = http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/userfiles/other/4160146-1224868704_Nicholls.pdf|journal = [[McGill Law Journal]]|volume = 51|issue = 2|pages = 407{{endash}}427}}</ref> The current régime (which has been described as being quite lax in comparison to that in the United States)<ref>{{cite web|author = Julius Melnitzer|title = Canadian firms easy targets for takeovers|url = http://business.financialpost.com/2012/02/08/canadian-firms-easy-targets-for-takeovers/|publisher = ''[[Financial Post]]''|date = 8 February 2012}}</ref> came into effect in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title = Revised Canadian Take-Over Bid and Issuer Bid Regime|url = http://www.dwpv.com/~/media/Files/PDF/Revised_Canadian_Take-Over_Bid_and_Issuer_Bid_Regime.ashx|publisher = [[Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg]]|date = February 2008}}</ref> The [[Canadian Securities Administrators]] issued proposals in 2013 on tightening early warning requirements in their rules,<ref>{{cite web|title = CSA Proposes Changes to Early Warning Requirements|url = http://www.dwpv.com/en/Resources/Publications/2013/CSA-Proposes-Changes-to-Early-Warning-Requirements|publisher = [[Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg]]|date = 14 March 2013}}</ref> while in Quebec the ''[[Autorité des marchés financiers (Québec)|Autorité des marchés financiers]]'' issued a proposal favouring an alternative approach concerning all take-over bid defensive tactics.<ref>{{cite web|title = The Competing Visions of the CSA and AMF on Shareholder Rights Plans and Take-over Bid Defensive Tactics|url = http://www.davis.ca/en/publication/csa-and-amf-on-shareholder-rights-plans-and-takeover-bid-defensive-tactics/|publisher = [[Davis LLP]]|date = 22 April 2013|access-date = 17 December 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221433/http://www.davis.ca/en/publication/csa-and-amf-on-shareholder-rights-plans-and-takeover-bid-defensive-tactics/|archive-date = 17 December 2013|dead-url = yes}}</ref>
 
==Corporate reorganizations==
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This has allowed for very creative applications for resolving difficult scenarios, including:
:* the packaging and orderly resolution of holdings of [[asset-backed commercial paper]] by multiple investors, which can include the release of claims against third parties who are themselves solvent and not creditors of the debtor company<ref>{{cite CanLII|litigants=Metcalfe & Mansfield Alternative Investments II Corp., (Re)|link=|year=2008|source=onca|num=587|pinpoint=|parallelcite=92 OR (3d) 513; 296 DLR (4th) 135|date=2008-08-18|courtname=|juris=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Philippe H. Bélanger |author2=Geoff R. Hall |author3=Kevin P. McElcheran |author4=Mason Poplaw |title = Creativity in the Courts: Use of the CCAA to Address Asset-Backed Commercial Paper Crisis | url = http://www.mccarthy.ca/article_detail.aspx?id=4176 | publisher = [[McCarthy Tétrault]] | date = 2008-11-04 | accessdate = 2011-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703092603/http://mccarthy.ca/article_detail.aspx?id=4176 |archive-date=2011-07-03 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| author = Michael Schafler| title = Court Approves Restructuring Plan for Failed Asset-Backed Commercial Paper| url = http://www.fmc-law.com/upload/en/publications/2008/Michael%20Schafler%20.pdf| publisher = [[Fraser Milner Casgrain]]| date = September 2008| accessdate = 2012-09-11}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
:* dealing with [[limited partnership]]s managed by an insolvent general partner<ref>{{Cite web| author = Geoffrey Thompson |title = Limited Partnerships and the CCAA | url = http://www.blg.com/en/home/publications/Documents/publication1362_EN.pdf | publisher = [[Borden Ladner Gervais]] | date = July 2009 | accessdate = 2011-09-12}}</ref>
:* arranging for disposal of the company through a [[stalking horse offer]]<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Michael Fitch |author2=Kibben Jackson |title = Face the Music: The A&B Sound CCAA Proceeding - A Stalking Horse of a Different Colour | url = http://www.fasken.com/files/Publication/9861dcb5-1cad-473f-82ce-efe1024322da/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/8031485e-659d-45a0-9934-f0cd643d5f37/Face%20the%20Music.pdf | publisher = [[Fraser Milner Casgrain]] | accessdate = 2011-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331014800/http://www.fasken.com/files/Publication/9861dcb5-1cad-473f-82ce-efe1024322da/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/8031485e-659d-45a0-9934-f0cd643d5f37/Face%20the%20Music.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-31 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
:* providing a more effective way for arranging [[merger and acquisition]] transactions involving distressed companies<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Sean F. Collins |author2=James D. Gage |author3=Warren Milman |author4=Roger Taplin |title = Mergers & Acquisitions in a More Uncertain World: Using the ''Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act'' | url = http://www.mccarthy.ca/article_detail.aspx?id=4299 | publisher = [[McCarthy Tétrault]] | date = 2012-07-25 | accessdate = 2012-08-13}}</ref>
:* administering the [[liquidation]] of the company<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Peter B. Farkas |author2=John Sandrelli |author3=Jordan Schultz |title=The Role of Liquidating CCAAs |url=http://www.fmc-law.com/upload/en/publications/2010/0410_The_Role_Of_Liqudating_CCAAs.pdf |publisher=[[Fraser Milner Casgrain]] |accessdate=2011-09-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329040851/http://www.fmc-law.com/upload/en/publications/2010/0410_The_Role_Of_Liqudating_CCAAs.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-29 |df= }}</ref>
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| [http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90b16_e.htm ''Business Corporations Act'' (RSO 1990, c. B.16)]
| [http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_10n15_e.htm ''Not-for-profit Corporations Act, 2010'' (SO 2010, c. 15)]
| [https://www.appmybizaccount.gov.on.ca/wps/portal/mba_pub/!ut/p/c4/LY6xDsIwDES_pUPXuCNioxUDEgKGIloW5ERWiEjtKElB_D0pIC-nu2f74AplGJ_OYnbC6GGAMaAl7_ixlqRVkJjRqzBr74xiYfXDtSeVJTgDl-WGR7YwEi_6dG73u-7WHQ_9duhhrJtJI7H1Lt3rRpiSzNFQ3Xz3U7ECRcyEek6upMXZsZFYXpdWbN8Fb_8RhGlavTZV9QGQV8tR/ ServiceOntario - Companies and Personal Property Security Branch]{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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| {{flag|Nunavut}}
| [http://www.justice.gov.nu.ca/apps/fetch/download.aspx?file=Consolidated+Law%2fCurrent%2f635034536796918678-894468018-consSNWT1996c19.pdf ''Business Corporations Act'' (SWNT 1996, c. 19, as modified)]{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
| [http://www.justice.gov.nu.ca/apps/fetch/download.aspx?file=Consolidated+Law%2fCurrent%2f634859934387966706-854409609-consRSNWT1988cS-11.pdf ''Societies Act'' (RSNWT 1988, c. S-11, as modified)]{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
| [http://nunavutlegalregistries.ca/cr_index_en.shtml Department of Justice - Corporate Registries]
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