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The term investigative interviewing was introduced in the UK in the early 1990s to represent a shift in police interviewing away from a [[confession]] oriented approach and towards evidence gathering. Traditionally, the main aim of an [[interrogation]] was to obtain a confession from a suspect in order to secure a conviction. Thus, investigative interviewing contrasts pervasive interrogations techniques aimed at making the suspect break down and confess.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gudjonsson |first1=Gisli H. |title=Investigative interviewing. Handbook of criminal investigation |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781843921882 |pages=466-492}}</ref> The stark difference between these two approaches to police interviewing has led some authors to argue that the term “interrogation” should be scrapped altogether as it is inherently coercive and aimed at obtaining a confession.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffiths, Andy, and Asbjørn Rachlew |title=From interrogation to investigative interviewing: The application of psychology in The Psychology of Criminal Investigation |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |pages=154-178}}</ref>
Much of the scientific base of investigative interviewing stems from [[social psychology]] and [[cognitive psychology]], including studies of human [[memory]]. The method aims at mitigating the effects of inherent human fallacies and [[cognitive biases]] such as [[suggestibility]], [[confirmation bias]], [[priming (psychology)]] and [[false memories]]. In order to conduct a successful interview the interviewer needs to be able to (1) create good rapport with the interviewee, (2) describe the purpose of the interview, (3) ask open-ended questions, and (4) be willing to explore alternative hypotheses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Powell, Martine B., Ron P. Fisher, and Rebecca Wright |title=Investigative Interviewing in Psychology and Law: An Empirical Perspective |date=2005 |publisher=The Guilford Press |pages=11-42}}</ref> Before any probing questions are asked, the interviewees are encouraged to give their free, uninterrupted account.
In the interim report dated 5 August 2016 to the UN General Assembly of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan E. Méndez, the investigative interviewing method is presented at length as an example of best practice.
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