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Clarified Zhang Lu's and Zhang Xiu's occupation of Hanzhong using information from Zhang Lu's page |
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==History==
In 142 CE Zhang Daoling announced that [[Laozi]] had appeared to him and commanded him to rid the world of decadence and establish a new state consisting only of the ‘chosen people.’ Zhang became the first Celestial Master, and began to spread his newly founded movement throughout the province of Sichuan. The movement was initially called the '''Way of the Five Pecks of Rice''', because each person wishing to join was required to donate five [[peck]]s of rice (actually five ''[[Chinese units of measurement|dǒu]]'', equal to 13.6 US gallons or 5.9 [[peck]]s).<ref>Hendrischke (2000), 139.</ref> The movement spread rapidly, particularly under his son [[Zhang Heng (Taoist)|Zhang Heng]] ([[:zh:张衡 (道教)|张衡]]) and grandson [[Zhang Lu (Three Kingdoms)|Zhang Lu]].<ref name=Hend140>Hendrischke (2000), 140.</ref> The Zhangs were able to convert many groups to their cause, such as the [[Bandun Man]] (belonging to the [[Ba people]]), which strengthened their movement.<ref name="Kleeman 1998, 74">Kleeman (1998), 74.</ref> In 184,
In 215, [[Cao Cao]], the ruler of the [[Cao Wei|Kingdom of Wei]] attacked the Hanzhong state, and forced Zhang Lu to flee to Eastern Sichuan, where he later surrendered.<ref>Kleeman (1998), 76.</ref> Zhang was given a title and land, as were several other family members and generals.<ref>Robinet (1997), 55.</ref> His followers were forced to resettle in other parts of China, with one group being sent to the [[Chang'an]] area, and another being sent to [[Luoyang]]. Zhang and his family relocated to Cao Cao's administrative headquarters in Ye, located in today's [[Henan]] province.<ref>Kleeman (1998), 77.</ref> He then used his own popularity as a religious leader to lend legitimacy to the Wei, proclaiming that the Wei court had inherited divine authority from the Daoist church, as well as from [[Confucian]] laws. Shortly after the surrender, Zhang Lu died and was succeeded by his son, Fu. After this point there are few historical sources until 255 CE, when a text indicates that the Celestial Master community was fragmenting as a result of the political turmoil within the Wei Kingdom<ref>Kleeman (1998), 78.</ref><ref>Bokenkamp (1997), 4.</ref>
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